BGSU Crime Prevention Exam 2

What are three primary sources for collecting hate crime data?

Hate Crime Statistics Act (1990), Uniform Crime Report (UCR), and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

What are the three most commonly reported hate crimes according to the NCVS?

Hate language, hate symbols, and incidents confirmed as hate crimes by police investigators

How does the FBI define a hate crime?

A criminal offense motivated by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin

What distinguishes a hate incident from a hate crime?

Hate incidents involve prejudice but do not constitute a criminal act and are not investigated as crimes

How is hate speech defined?

Communication that expresses hatred for a group and is likely to provoke violence or incite hatred against protected groups

What does the Right to Fair Housing statute prohibit?

The use or threat of force to interfere with housing rights

What is the purpose of the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996?

To prohibit the intentional damage or destruction of religious real property due to its religious nature

Why are penalty-enhancements considered important for hate crimes?

They address low-level crimes that might otherwise be ignored, preventing them from escalating into more violent offenses

What is the main argument proponents use to justify hate crime legislation?

Victimization based on identity causes all members of that group to feel like potential targets and experience a shared sense of persecution

List four examples of hate incidents.

Verbal abuse, harassment, threats of violence, and bullying or intimidation

What was the primary goal of the National Security Decision Directive 221?

To engage the military in drug enforcement, citing drug money as a subsidy for terrorist organizations

What are common weapons and tactics used by military units?

Flash grenades, bombs, assault rifles, night vision goggles, and surprise night missions

How do police tactics generally differ from military tactics?

Community police typically operate during the day to interact with the public, whereas military units rely on surprise and force

What are the intended benefits of militaristic stress training for police?

Self-discipline, following orders, self-confidence, and command presence

What are the negative consequences of police stress training?

Increased defensiveness, depersonalization, and isolation from the community

What does a 'warrior-like' orientation create in police officers?

An 'us-versus-them' mindset

Why does stress training lead to police isolation?

Recruits identify more with their peers and begin to perceive the general population as outsiders

What is the primary motivation for hate crimes?

Bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin

Why should police pay attention to hate incidents?

They can potentially escalate into criminal acts

What is the primary mission focus of military officers?

The use of force to accomplish their mission

What is the impact of hate crimes on victims?

They tend to be repetitive and interfere with the victim's constitutional rights

What is the primary characteristic of SWAT teams in the context of militarism?

They resemble military units in their appearance, weapons, and tactics

When was the National Security Decision Directive 221 issued?

April 8, 1986

What are the primary benefits of non-stress police training?

Improved problem-solving, collaborative skills, higher job satisfaction, and better field performance.

What are the perceived benefits of a militaristic stress training environment?

Self-discipline, adherence to orders, self-confidence, and command presence.

How are officers in black uniforms typically perceived by the public?

Cold, mean, forceful, unfriendly, aggressive, and corrupt.

How are officers in lighter blue uniforms typically perceived by the public?

Good, nice, warm, gentle, friendly, passive, and honest.

What type of warrant is commonly associated with SWAT raids?

No-knock warrants.

What triggered the first wave of the opioid epidemic starting in 1999?

The rise in prescription opioids, specifically the emergence of OxyContin.

Why was OxyContin initially widely prescribed by doctors?

It was labeled as non-addictive and effective for 12 hours.

What characterized the second wave of the opioid epidemic?

A surge in heroin overdose deaths after pill mills were closed and OxyContin became harder to obtain.

What characterized the third wave of the opioid epidemic?

The emergence of illicit fentanyl and synthetic opioids.

By 2017, what percentage of overdose deaths were attributed to fentanyl or its analogs?

More than 70%.

What is a major challenge for police departments regarding the seizure of marijuana plants?

They lack the facilities to keep seized plants alive, which is often legally required if a court orders their return.

What is the approximate percentage of cocaine sourced from Colombia?

About 93%.

What is 'inconvenience policing' in the context of drug markets?

Creating obstacles between buyers and sellers to disrupt the market and reduce public disorder.

Why are traditional enforcement strategies often ineffective at eliminating open-air drug markets?

They often result in displacement, where the market simply moves to a different neighborhood.

What is the primary focus of immediate police activities in drug market enforcement?

Arresting and incapacitating drug dealers while increasing patrol presence.

What is the goal of intermediate police activities in drug enforcement?

Community engagement, empowerment, and building trust to foster formal social control.

What are four common features of open-air drug markets?

Low socioeconomic area, stationary sellers, proximity to transportation hubs, and high visibility.

How do open-air drug markets impact local businesses?

They lead to business failure or displacement.

What is the Violent Crime Initiative (VCI)?

A strategy using surveillance and wiretaps to target drug traffickers operating out of abandoned buildings.

How does the presence of an open-air drug market affect public spaces?

It renders spaces like parks unusable due to drug dealing and use.

What is the relationship between open-air drug markets and property values?

They cause a decrease in property values.

What is a reverse sting operation?

An undercover police tactic where officers pose as drug dealers to catch buyers.

What is the primary reason police now take photos or clippings of marijuana plants instead of seizing them?

To avoid the legal liability and logistical difficulty of keeping seized plants alive.

What is the long-term effect of community empowerment on police resources?

It can reduce the need for supplemental police presence due to increased formal social control.