Chronic Neurological Disorders: Pathopharmacology

These flashcards cover key concepts surrounding chronic neurological disorders including headaches, seizures, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Myasthenia Gravis, focusing on definitions, symptoms, treatments, and critical differences.

What are the two categories of headaches according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)?

Primary headaches and Secondary headaches.

What percentage of headaches are classified as migraines without aura?

75%.

What triggers the pain response in headaches according to pathophysiology?

Trigeminal nerve releases neuropeptides leading to intracranial vasodilation and neurogenic inflammation.

What is a common treatment for mild-to-moderate migraines?

NSAIDs such as naproxen or ibuprofen.

What is the primary phase in tonic-clonic seizures characterized by?

Muscle rigidity and loss of consciousness.

Which type of seizure causes sudden muscle contractions called 'drop attacks'?

Atonic seizures.

What condition is characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

What are common symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?

Tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, and postural disturbance.

What neurotransmitter imbalance occurs in Parkinson's disease?

Loss of dopamine and excess acetylcholine.

What is the main medication used for treating severe Parkinson's symptoms?

Levodopa/carbidopa.

What are the two types of crises in Myasthenia Gravis?

Myasthenic crisis and Cholinergic crisis.

How is a Myasthenic crisis typically induced?

By stressors such as infection or surgery.

What is the difference between myasthenic and cholinergic crises?

Myasthenic crisis results from undermedication; cholinergic crisis results from overmedication.

What type of therapy is used to treat Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)?

High-dose IVIG therapy.

What is a key clinical manifestation of Myasthenia Gravis?

Ptosis (eyelid droop) and diplopia (double vision).

What is required to stabilize the neuronal membrane in patients with epilepsy?

Delay in sodium influx.

Which group of medications can increase GABA effects and inhibit neuron firing?

Benzodiazepines.

What are common adverse effects of Phenytoin (Dilantin)?

Gingival hyperplasia and periodontal disease.

What autoimmune disorder is characterized by autoimmunity against acetylcholine receptors?

Myasthenia Gravis.

What is the goal of pharmacological treatment for Multiple Sclerosis?

Delay disease progression and manage symptoms.

What is significant about the treatment for status epilepticus?

IV benzodiazepines are used immediately, and if not resolved, other antiepileptic drugs are added.