IB History Paper 1

Meiji Restoration (1867-1912)

The series of changes that turned Japan into a modern, ultranationalist state through replacing centuries of military government with returning the Emperor (Meiji).

Privy Council

Meiji: A small government body of elites whose approval was required for laws and appointments.

The Japanese Diet

Meiji: Parliament with the House of Representatives and House of Peers.

Shogun

Hereditary military governors of Japan from 1193 to 1867

Japan-Korea Treaty (1876) / of Amity / of Ganghwa Island

A treaty Japan forced Korea to sign which made Korea not a tributary to China, prevented Japanese citizens from being arrested in Korea, made Korea unable to pose trade restrictions on Japan, and allowed Japan use of three ports for exports

First Sino-Japanese War (1894-5)

After Japan overtook Korea, Qing dynasty declared war. Japan won. Korea full independence from China; Taiwan to Japan; indemnity; open ports to Japan.

Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)

A military assistance alliance between Britain and Japan. Britain was concerned about Russia and wanted to prevent takeover of China.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)

Over territory in Korea and China and the railways. First time an Asian country defeated a European one. Japan had international recognition and full control over Korea.

Shidehara diplomacy

Japanese foreign policy in the interwar years consisting of balancing military maintenance and not seeming like a threat.

Washington Naval Convention/Five-Power Treaty

Halted battleship construction, scrapped certain types of battleships, made it so Japan could only have 60% of the capital ships as USA and Britain, promise to have no fortifications on the pacific except in Pearl Harbor

Zaibatsu

Monopolies in Japan that began to form and rapidly expanded in the 20th century. Enormous companies owned by individual families. Eight largest Zaibatsu controlled 20% of manufacturing, mining and trade.

Mitsui

Zaibatsu involved in banking, mining, paper, and textiles, and even created the countries currency.

Gross National Product

The value of all goods and services produced by the citizens of a state over one year

Protection Law of 1925 (1928 added execution)

Allowed the Japanese government to arrest anyone who wanted to change government… mainly, socialists and communists.

Toseiha (Control Faction)

A military faction that wanted to reform Japan's government rather than destroy it, allying the army with the zaibatsu, have total government control, and prepare for eventual total war with China.

Sakurakai (the Cherry Blossom Society) and Kodoha (the Imperial Way Faction)

wanted complete destruction of all political parties, the zaibatsu and the government. Direct rule and war with the USSR and communists.

China Garrison Army

Formed to operate outside the borders of Manchuria. Occupied the eastern half of Charar Province by mid-1935 and then moved into the neutral zone formed by the Tanggu Truce.

The Second United Front

A united front formed between Chiang's KMT and the CCP against Japan. Fought as the national revolutionary army

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937)

Where Chinese and Japanese troops fought at the Marco Polo Bridge (Lugou Bridge) near Beijing. Japan wanted an apology and Chiang's government refused, so by the end of July, both had sent large armies into northern China.

The Northern Expedition

Where the Kuomintang (KMT)/nationalist party took most of China under their control, increasing Chinese nationalism, defeating warlords, fighting the CCP, and eventually entirely uniting China.

The Mukden Incident (September 18 1931)

where a bomb exploded outside of Mukden, and though it was likely planted by the Japanese and did not impact use of the railway, they blamed it on Chinese soldiers and taken as an excuse to invade and occupy the region.

Lytton Commission (December 1931)

Formed in response to appeal to the League to investigate the Mukden incident and the occupation. In February 1933, Japan was condemned as an aggressor nation, 42 to 1. Japan left the League with no consequences.

Open Door Policy

Policy advocated for by the USA for all nations to have equal access to Chinese markets.

Stimson Doctrine

Policy stating the USA would not recognize international border changes resulting from war in order to uphold the Open Door Policy and prevent economic consequences.

Shanghai Expeditionary Army

Japanese army intent on capturing China's largest city and economic centre, Shanghai.

The Nanjing Massacre / The Rape of Nanjing

The Central Chinese Area Army looted and killed civilians and raped women and children. Once the city was captured, tens of thousands were raped and mutilated. Many were tortured, burned, decapitated, used for bayonet practice,etc. 300 000 deaths.

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

German-Japan agreement to oppose the Communist International. Italy joined in 1937.

Communist International

Soviet-sponsored organization supporting communist groups around the world. Implied work against the Soviet Union as well.

Tripartite Pact (September 1940)

A formal alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Molotrov-Ribbentrop Pact (Nazi-Soviet, Treaty of Non-Aggression) (August 23 1939)

Where Germany and the USSR agreed to not fight each other and instead go after basically the rest of the world. Germany still agreed to supply the Soviets with weapons in return for raw materials, breaking the anti-cominterm pact with Japan.

The Hull Note (November 26, 1941)

A note sent from the US to Japan demanding that Japan removes all troops from Indochina and China, ends the Tripartite Alliance, and repudiates (refuse to be associated with/accept) the Republic of China.

THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOUR

A large Imperial Japanese Navy passed through in early December 1941. In two waves on December 7, they launched 353 aircrafts, attacking navy ships, airfields, aircraft, and other facilities with torpedoes, bombs, and machine-gun fire.

Imperial Preference

A system of commerce creating by lowering tariffs between areas of an empire and increasing them outside of it. Employed by the British and French.

National Government

The UK government formed by the Labour Party's coalition with the Conservative and Liberal parties.

Little Entente

An alliance France made with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia to support each other if any got attacked. Primarily isolated Germany.

The Black Shirts

A gang started by Mussolini, financed by industrialists and bankers and other conservatives.

Il Duce

Mussolini

Indemnity

A financial penalty

The Corporate State (Italy)

Where the Italian government attempted to have industries co-operate more closely with them, through industrial boards and monopolies.

Stresa Front (1935)

A diplomatic front of Britain, France, and Italy against Germany. In response to the annexation attempt to and announcement of rearmament. They condemned the plans to rebuild military.

The Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)

A diplomatic relationship between Germany and Italy, stating world affairs would be determined by then rather than London and Paris.

The Wal-Wal Incident (1934)

Where Italian and Abyssinian troops at the oasis of Wal-Wal on the Abyssinian-Somaliland border fought, leaving > 2 Italian and > 100 Abyssinian soldiers dead.

Hoare-Laval Pact/Plan (December 1935)

Where British Foreign Minister Hoare and French Minister Laval called to place 2/3 of Abyssinia in Italy's control and the corridor left to an independent Abyssinia.

Pact of Steel (May 1939)

(Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy) A military alliance between Germany and Italy, with secret clauses about a union of economic and military policies that wasn't enacted.

Reichstag

Germany's parliament

Lebensraum

"Living space", the idea that they were entitled to much more land across Europe for their superior race to inhabit. Especially related to the territories won agaisnt Russia but taken in the ToV, including Poland and parts of Ukraine.

The Enabling Act

Passed immediately after this election, giving Hitler the power to pass laws and sign treaties for four years without Reichstag approval. Many were willing to accept this in the poor economic conditions.

Gleichschaltung ('making the same')

A policy implemented by the Nazi party to consolidate power, merging it with the gov't.

SS (Schutzstaffel)

Mazi paramilitary organization that functioned as state police and operated much of the German economy.

New Plan (1933)

Germany Great Depression plan where they began to only trade in equal amounts. Ex. To purchase Romanian oil and wheat, Romania had to purchase an equivalent amount from Germany.

Four Year Plan (September 1936)

Led by Hermann Goering, aiming to increase agricultural production, achieve self-sufficiency in raw materials, continue strict gov't regulation, and increase military production > consumer.

World Disarmament Conference (1932)

LoN conference aiming to reduce military sizes and weapons, in Geneva.

Locarno Treaties (1925)

Treaties agreed to by Germany, Britain, and France to recognize permanent borders between Germany, France and Belgium; continue Rhineland demilitarization; adjust Germany's borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia.

Polish-German Non-Aggression Pact (January 1934)

A pact guaranteeing neither would attack the other for at least 10 years and including recognition of borders, better diplomatic relations, and increased trade.

Rapallo Treaty (1922)

Established diplomatic relations between Germany and the Soviet Union and allowed trade and diplomatic co-operation. Started to co-operate militarily.

Maginot Line

A series of fortifications, tank barriers, trenches, barbed wire, and walls along the Germany-France border

Sudeten German Party (1930s)

German political party in CS allied with the Nazi Party. Wanted the Sudetenland, where most Germans lived, to have autonomy, esp. seeing anschluss.

Munich Agreement (Sep.30 1938)

Came from a meeting between Italy, Germany, Britain and France (not CS or the USSR)

Anglo-German Declaration (1938)

That Germany and Britain would not war to solve issues.

Case White

German plans to invade Poland. Only considered Poland's forces, believing the democratic, appeasing Britain and France wouldn't really go to war.

Molotrov-Ribbentrop Pact (Nazi-Soviet, Treaty of Non-Aggression) (August 23 1939)

Where Germany and the USSR agreed to not fight each other and instead go after basically the rest of the world. Germany still agreed to supply the Soviets with weapons in return for raw materials, breaking the anti-cominterm pact with Japan.