Overview of Body Systems and Their Relation to Radiology

These flashcards cover the key concepts, structures, functions, and pathologies associated with various body systems and their relationship to radiology as outlined in the lecture notes.

What is the main function of the Integumentary System?

protection, sensory information, temperature regulation, and eliminating waste.

What are the key structures of the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails

What are some pathologies included in the integumentary system?

burns, skin infections and disease, pressure injuries

What causes a skin infection?

bacteria, viruses, and fungi

example of pressure injuries

ulcers

limitations in radiology for skin?

positioning, skin folds, artifacts, exposure considerations to patients

what can cause skin and tissue injuries?

radiation, heat, chemicals, electricity

what imaging is used for the integumentary system?

x rays (burns, ulcers, foreign bodies) and CT scans for depth and source of infection

what are the main function of the musculoskeletal system?

structure, support, movement, mineral storage, and protection

what are the key structures of musculoskeletal system?

bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments

how many bones are in the body?

206

axial skeleton

• 80 bones

• central axis of body

• bones, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

appendicular skeleton

• 126 bones

• limbs

• arms, legs, pelvic girdle

pathologies in musculoskeleton?

• fractures

• osteoporosis

• arthritis

what imaging modality is used for bone fractures?

• plain radiographs (check pelvis first)

• CT scans (head and spine)

what imaging modality is used for osteoporosis?

dexa scan (bone density)

what imaging modality is used for arthritis?

• x ray ()

• MRI (soft tissue, cartilage)

• ultrasound (dynamic muscle evaluation and blood flow)

what are the main function of the nervous system?

transmitting signals, control and coordinate the body

key structure of nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

pathologies in nervous system

• cerebral vascular accident (CVA/stroke)

• head trauma

• spinal cord injury

what imaging modality is used for stroke (CVA)?

• non-contrast CT (to rule out a hemorrhage)

• MRI ischemic impart

what imaging is used for head trauma?

• CT (for acute trauma)

• radiographs (90 degrees apart)

what imaging is used for spinal cord injury?

• CT

• X ray

• MRI (cord impingement, soft tissue tear)

what are the main function of the endocrine system?

regulates bodily function like hormones produces by glands (growth, metabolism, mood)

what are key structures of the endocrine system?

• pituitary gland (brain)

• thyroid (throat)

• adrenal glands (above kidney)

• pancreas (near liver, stomach or small intestine)

pathology of endocrine?

thyroid disorder

what imagining modalities are used for thyroid disorder?

• ultrasound (first line)

• CT (enlarged glands or masses)

• nuclear-med scan (injecting radioactive iodine material that attaches, thyroid intakes)

what are the main function of the circulatory/cardiovascular system?

transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products

what are the key structures of the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels, blood

arteries

oxygenated blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood to the heart

pathologies in cardiovascular system?

• CHF (blood cannot pump to heart, fluid in lungs and surrounding tissue)

• coronary artery disease (narrowing/blockage of coronary artery due to fat buildup)

• hypertension (chronic elevation of blood pressure)

• cardiomegaly (heart enlargement)

• pulmonary edema (fluid around heart, pericarditis)

what cardiovasular pathologies uses chest x-rays?

• cardiomegaly

• pulmonary edema

what cardiovasular pathologies uses interventional radiography (IR) or CAT scan?

• CHF

• coronary artery disease

• hypertension

what are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

maintain fluid balance and immune defence

what are key structures of the lymphatic system?

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus

pathologies of lymphatic system?

• lymphedema (swelling due to no fluid drainage)

• lymphoma (cancer in lymphatic tissue, always have lymphedema)

what imaging modality is used for lymphedema?

ultrasound (vascular reasons, DVT/blood clots)

what imaging modality is used for lymphoma?

CT (for enlargements) or PET CT (staging of cancer)

what is the main function of the respiratory system?

to facilitate gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)

what are the key structures for the respiratory system?

lungs (bronchi, aveoli), trachea, nasal passages, diaphram

pathologies in the respiratory system?

• pneumonia

• pneumothorax (PTX)

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, airflow obstruction, enzema, chronic bronchitis)

what imaging modality is used for pneumonia?

chest x ray

what imaging modality is used for pneumothorax

• chest x-ray (upright or decubitus/laying down)

• CT scan (for complex cases)

what imaging is used for COPD?

• chest X-Ray

• CT (disease severity and location)

what is the main function of the digestive system?

digestion and absorption of nutrients for energy

what are the key structures for the digestion system?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen

large intestine includes…

colon, rectum, cecum

pathologies for digestive system?

bowel obstruction, ulcers(open sores in lining of stomach or intestines due to acids or infections), ascites (accumulations of fluid in abdominal cavity)

what imaging modality is used for bowel obstructions?

• abdominal X-ray (air fluid levels)

• CT (confirms location of obstruction)

what is the preferred imaging modality for ulcers?

fluoroscopy exam on upper GI to outline abnormalities

what are the imaging modality for ascites?

• ultrasound for distinction of fluid or air

• CT for extensive cases to find its cause

what are the main function for urinary system?

filtering blood (fluid balance) and removing waste through urine

what are key structures for urinary system?

kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra

pathologies for urinary system?

• renal calculi (kidney stones)

• UTI (kidney and bladder)

• Urinary obstruction

what imaging modality is used in renal calculi

• non contrast CT

• KUB (x-ray, white, shows density)

what imaging modalities are used in UTI?

• ultrasound (obstruction in ureters

• IV urogram

• CT urogram

what are the main functions of the reproductive system?

producing offspring, reproduction, hormone production

what are key structures for the reproductive system?

ovaries, testes, ureters, prostate

pathologies in reproductive systems?

• ectopic pregnancies (fertilized egg in Fallopian tube)

• uterine fibrosis (smooth muscle tumors)

• prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia- BPH)

what imaging modality is used for ectopic pregnancies?

• ultrasound

• transvag (probe inserted to see bladder, blood flow, ovaries, tubes)

what imagine modality is used for uterine fibrosis

• ultrasound

• MRI (for surgical planning)

what imaging modality is used for BPH?

ultrasound (rectally for males)

other imagine for reproductive system

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) to evaluate uterine cavity and fallopian tubes by injecting iodinized contrast

What is the main function of the immune system?

to defend body against pathogens and diseases

what are the key structures for the immune system?

lymph nodes, spleen, various types of white blood cells

pathologies for immune disease?

immunocompromised state (weak system)

what imaging is used for an immunocompromised state?

• Chest X-ray

• CT (opportunistic infections)