US History Fall Final Exam

Shared traits of Native Americans

Spiritual practices, understandings of property, and kinship networks differed from European arrangements (matrilineal)

Difference of Native Americans

Hundreds of languages. Varied climates. Some large cites; others small bands

Christopher Columbus

Italian-born explorer. He secured financing from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sail west to India. He landed in the Caribbean and proceeded to colonize, take slaves, and take gold

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded by the Virginia Company.

Pilgrims

English Separatists who founded Plymouth colony in 1620.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

First document of self-government in English America; created a "civil body politic" for the Plymouth Colony.

Puritans

English followers of John Calvin who wanted to reform the Church of England. Persecuted by James I and his son, King Charles I.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Royal charter was granted to Puritans to found this colony in 1629, centered in Salem.

Triangular Trade

Atlantic trading routes between England, Africa, and the Americas. Manufactured goods were shipped from England, slaves were brought to the Americas from Africa, and raw materials were brought from the Americas to England.

Pennsylvania

This colony was chartered by Quakers in 1681. William Penn sought to establish a "Holy Experiment" and emphasized a moral society based on Quaker standards.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the corrupt governor of Virginia, William Berkeley. Bacon's primary complaints included restricted access to land, unjust taxes, and Berkeley favoring his rich friends and Natives over the colonists. It failed, but Virginia would begin to appease Virginia frontier settlers.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part trade system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Anglo-Powhatan War

Series of three wars in the 17th century between settlers of Jamestown and the Natives in Virginia. Settlers would win and continue to expand the colony.

King Philip’s War (1675-1678)

This was a series of armed conflicts between English colonists in New England (and their Native allies) against the Pokanokets (Wampanoag), led by Metacomet. English colonists would prevail, opening more land for settlement.

First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

Religious revival movement in which evangelical preachers spread the word of God, started new churches in the colonies. It was a response to religious decline in the colonies in the early 18th century.

Enlightenment

Philosophical, scientific, and intellectual movement to gain knowledge; focus on natural laws, natural rights, government economics, social class, etc. Challenged old ways of thinking.

Albany Congress (1754)

Intercolonial congress to foster greater colonial unity to discuss ongoing conflicts with France and Native Americans. Although it passed Ben Franklin's "Plan of Union," the plan was ultimately rejected by colonial assemblies.

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Fought between the colonies of British America and New France, supported by military units from their parent countries. Hostilities intensified between the two as they both wanted land in the interior of the continent. Ended with a British victory.

Pontiac’s War (1763-1766)

A war led by an Ottawa Chief who argued that Native Americans should unify, abandon European ways of life, and remove Europeans from North America by force.

Restricted access to western lands; British troops in colonies; taxes on imported goods.

Each of these represents what some colonists argued were the violation of their rights as Englishmen after the French and Indian War

“Common Sense”

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine in which the author argued against hereditary succession/monarchy and that the Americans should separate from Britain.

Declaration of Independence

Document approved by the Second Continental Congress to separate from Britain. It included grievances against the King, justification for the revolution, purpose of a government, and the universal rights of all men.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War and recognized the independence of the American colonies. The new United States acquired land extending to the Mississippi River.

Shays’ Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting debt/tax collection. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement at the Constitutional Convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes.

Federalism

Constitutional principle. A system in which power is shared between the national and state governments

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, attacking tax collectors. Washington responded firmly and put down the rebellion with 13,000 troops, indicating the strength of the new government under the Constitution.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It ended the Northwest Indian War and Native Americans in the region relinquished much land in Ohio and Indiana.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport "dangerous" aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. These acts were highly controversial, as they limited Americans' rights, and were passed when the U.S. was nearly at war with France due to the XYZ Affair/Quasi-War.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. Jefferson viewed it as important land for the purposes of Republican agrarianism.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1815) between the United States and Britain. Immediate cause was impressment of American sailors by the British Navy. The British were also supporting Tecumseh's War against the U.S.

American System

Economic program supported by Madison and Monroe that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. Even though Madison and Monroe were Democratic-Republicans, they favored policies these policies, which were Federalist.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which the U.S. acquired Florida from Spain.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy in which the U.S. declared Europe was not to interfere in the Americas.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30'.

Market Revolution

Drastic change of the economy that coordinated all aspects of the market economy, facilitated a transition from subsistence production to selling goods. It included improvements in transportation and communication, commercialization, and industrialization.

Textile Factories

The first factories in the New England states during the First Industrial Revolution/Market Revolution. Often the early workers were women.

Andrew Jackson

The 7th President of the United States (1829-1837), who claimed to usher in the "Era of the Common Man." As president he opposed the Second Bank of the U.S., objected to the right of individual states to nullify federal laws, ordered the removal of Natives from the South, and increased presidential powers.

Reasons Jackson Hated the Second Bank of the U.S.

Jackson argued it was unconstitutional, harmful to states' rights, dangerous to liberty, and favored the wealthy.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to "Indian Territory" in order to secure fertile land for Americans in the South, especially to expand cotton plantations.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Cherokees from the South to "Indian Territory" in what would become Oklahoma, during which at least 4,000 natives died. It was encouraged by Andrew Jackson's policies toward natives and his disregard for Supreme Court rulings which declared Natives could not be removed by force.

Age of Reform

From about the 1820s-1850s, an era in which the Market Revolution and Second Great Awakening led to a series of reform movements based on religion and morality (temperance, asylums, education, women's rights, abolitionism, etc.).

Second Great Awakening

A second series of religious revivals from about the 1790s-1840s. Many preachers used canals, and later railroads, to spread religious messages. It also had an effect on reform/moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and abolitionism.

Temperance Movement

An organized reform movement to ban alcohol; the largest organization of the Age of Reform was the American Temperance Society. Arguments to ban alcohol: immoral, husbands beat their wives, led to economic ruin in families. In the context of the Second Great Awakening, getting drunk was seen as a "sin."

“Justifications” for Slavery

Greek/Romans and slavery in history; Bible/Religion; Economic necessity; legal (Constitution allowed).

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent (as ordained by God), from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Texas Revolution

The 1836 rebellion sparked from American settlers' frustration with the Mexican government limiting further immigration and outlawing slavery; Texas gained its independence from Mexico, culminating in the Texian (American) victory at the Battle of San Jacinto.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, N. Mexico (Mexican Cession). There was much opposition to the war, primarily from Whigs who feared new territories would become slave.

Sectionalism

The division between the North and the South, primarily over the issue of slavery, throughout the nineteenth century during the lead-up to the Civil War.

Compromise of 1850

Antislavery: 1. California admitted as a free state. 2. Slave traded ended in Washington, D.C.

Proslavery: 1. Slavery in rest of Mexican Cession to be decided by a vote. 2. A strict new Fugitive Slave Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas (D-Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty to determine slave status. Would lead to violence (Bleeding Kansas).

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

Violence between Free-Soilers and Border Ruffians, each of which created their own governments to determine the slave status of Kansas.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Slave sued his owner, claiming that living and working in a free territory with his master made him free. The court decided that African Americans were not citizens and the government can't interfere in the free movement of property, implying there's no such thing as a free state.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued on January 1, 1863. This freed slaves, but only those slaves that were in the area of rebellion (the Confederacy). As a result, no slaves were immediately freed, though they would gain their freedom as the Union conquered Confederate territory.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

An important Union victory in Pennsylvania in 1863, this battle is considered the turning point in the Civil War, after which the South never again mounted an offensive in the North. It was the deadliest battle of the war.

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Plans to "reconstruct" the Union after the Civil War by:1. Reuniting the country.2. Rebuilding the South.3. Promoting the rights of former slaves.

Ku Klux Klan

Formed in the 1860s in the South ; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence and prevent African Americans from voting.

15th Amendment

This amendment stated that citizens cannot be denied the right to vote based on race, color , or precious condition of servitude.

Compromise of 1877

This ended Reconstruction with the Republicans receiving: Rutherford B. Hayes as president. The Democrats received: Removal of federal troops from the South and a promise of noninterference from the federal government. It led to the federal government no longer protecting African American rights in the South and the full "redemption" of the South by White Democratic governments.

All of these are BIG topics in American history

-The Role of Rebellions
-Acquisition of Land
-Relationship between Native Americans and White Americans
-Relationship between the States and the Federal Government
-The importance of Religion in American history
-The rise of Sectionalism between the North and the South