Early Hominids

Preaustralopiths such as __________ __existed__ __ __to__ _______ __years ago. Their brain size was like that of a__ ____________. Like humans, they had a__ ____ _______ __foramen magnum. Also like humans, they had__ ______ facing iliac blades. However, unlike humans, they had an _____ __big__ _____, with__ ___ sized canines

ardopithecus amicus, 7-4.4 million, chimpanzee, anteriorly position, laterally, opposable, intermediate

Australopiths such as ________ ____________ __(the most famous of these was__ ______, discovered in Ethiopia) had__ short, ______ __oriented iliac blades and a knee angled__ __*body (humans knees are angled towards the ________ of the body). However, they had a ______ sized brain, and _______ sized canines and a _________ jaw*__

Australopthecus afarensis, Lucy, laterally, middle, chimp, intermediate, rectangular

Later, more derived Austraopths, such as those discovered by the ______ __in__ _______,__ ___ __Tanzania, include__ __ _______. They__ _____ __off__ ____ __and (did/did not) lead to modern humans. Their characteristics included a__ ____ _____, which indicates a very (weak/strong) jaw. They had__ ___ __front teeth with__ ___ __back teeth and their__ pelvis (was/was not) modified for

Leakeys, Olduwai George, P. Boise, died, did not, saggital crest, strong, small, large, was

Where were Homo habilis discovered

Kenya

Features of homo Habilis include _____ __brain,__ __*molars, more*__ _______ forehead, ______ prognathic face. Their ________ bones indicate ______ grip, and their _________ is in line with ______ toes, indicating _______ . Their nonhuman characteristics include, _______ _____, ______ forehead, ______ torus, ____ chine__

larger, smaller, vertical, less, finger, precision, big toe, other, bipedalism, saggital keel, sloping, supraorbital torus, no

Where was homo habilis first discovered? Where did in spread to?

Java, Africa, Europe, Asia

Discovered in the _____ __cave in China, the__ __ __man was a__ ________. Aged to be about __________ years old__

Zhoukoudian, Peking, homo erectus, 230,000

__________, discovered in__ ____, is a__ __ __specimen. It has a__ ___ __oriented pelvis and an__ _____ __knee and longer (legs/arms) than (legs/arms). Possible death is attributed to ______ _______

Narikatome boy, Kenya, subadult, laterally, angled, legs, arms, septic shock

Homo Erectus key traits include an avg cranial capacity of _________ __cc with__ ______ __cranial bone and possession of a__ ____, a__ _______- forehead,__ ___ __torus (no browridge), no__ _____.

900, thick, saggital keel, sloping, nuchal, chin

Where was homoerectus found in Asia?

Trinil/Java

Why is their debate about whether the homo erectus found in Africa is homo erectus or homo dragster?

lack of saggital keel

What are the dates for homo nailidi

236-414,000 ya

Homo naledi are associated with ___ __used for__ ___

caves, burials

Homo Floresnsis and luzonensis both exhibit symptoms of

island dwarfism

Speech is indicated in homo erectus by the _____ ______ __in the__ _____ __area. However, the small__ __ __foramen indicates that they lacked__ ____ _________ for speech.

correlative depression, Broca’s, neural, adequate breath control

Homo erectus likely went extinct due to _______ ______

climate change.

Prominent features of Homo heidelbergensis include average cranial capacity of ______, a__ ______ __cranial bone,__ ____ _______ __(two words, think jaw), a__ ______ __forehead (unlike human),__ _______ __, and (present/absent) chin.__

900 cc, thick, saggital keel, sloping, supraorbital torus, present

Evidence of defleshing marks on what bone are present of Homo heidelbergenis? This is thought to indicate ____ ___ ____ (three words).

zygomatic bone, early ritual behavior

The specimen found in Araga Cave of ______ ___ __has__ ___ _______ __browrdige and a cranial capacity of__ ___ __cc and is__ ______ ________ years old.

Homo heidelbergensis, very large, 1100

The specimen Steinheim was found in _________,__ _______ __years ago and has a (thick/thin) cranial bone with (present/absent) nuchal torus. The widest part of the skull was ______ ________ and its cranial capacity was _________.__

Germany, 250,0000, thick, present, high up, 1140 cc

The specimen _________, found in Atpuerca, Spain, is__ _______ __years old, and shows evidence for Spain’s oldest__ _____ ________. Specifically,__ it __shows mid facial prognathism, strongkly arched brow ridges, like a__ ____________.

Atpuerca 5, 430,000, funeral practices, neanderthal

Jinnishuan, discovered in ______, is__ ______ __years old, and has__ _____ __browrdiges,__ ____ __cranial bone,__ ____ __nasal bridge,__ ______ __cheek bones, and__ __ _____ (two words) incisors.

China, 200,000 years old, large, thin, broad, prominent, shovel shaped

The Levallois technique __is associated with ___________ and involves _______ across the top, __________ years ago.__

Homo heildelberginsis, flaking, 200,0000

Evidence for hunting for Homo heidelbergensis has Benn found in the ________ __ __spears, which are__ _______ __years old from__ _________, and from__ _________, England,__ _____ __years ago. This specimen includes__ _____ __(kind of animal bone) with a wound from a__ ____________.

Schnoegin, 400,0000, Germany, Boxgrove, 500,000, horse scapula, spear

Trades shared between human erectus and neanderthals include _____ __forehead,__ ________ skulls, _________ brow ridges, and ______ chin. Trains unique to Neanderthals include _______ brow ridges, ______ space, ______ bun, and ________ prognathism.__

sloping, long low, large, no, curved, retro molar, occipital, midfacial

Further neanderthal traits include _______ __larger than humans, a__ ____ __nasal aperture,__ ___ __joint surfaces,__ _____ __muscle attachments,__ ____ __hips and chest, and _______- distal extremities.__

cranial capital, very large, large, strong, broad, short

What does Allen’s rule state?

Cold climates, shorter extremities than warmer climates

Krapina, ____ __years ago in__ ____, is considered to be among the oldest specimens with__ ______ features.

130,000, Croatia, Neanderthal

What is significant about Gorham’s cave (which is located in?) with respect to Neanderthals?

Gibraltar spain, provides evidence of Neanderthal survival up to 28000 years ago.

Kebera 2, a _______,__ _____ __years old in_________, was fully__ ___ __and shows clear evidence of__ _______.

neanderthal, Israel, 60,000, bipedal, burial

Shanidar 4 found in _______,__ _____ __years ago, shows clear evidence of__ __ __with__ _______.

Iraq, 60,000-70,000, burial, flowers

What is significant of Shanidar 1? What is this thought to indicate about Neanderthals?

Old w/ humerus/eye injuries; evidence of altruistic behavior

Moula Guercey, _______ __years old in__ _______, shows evidence of__ ________ __through dental__ __________, and a__ mandible __with__ _____ __toothmarks, and__ ______ grooves.

120,000, France, neanderthal cannabilsm, hypoplasia, cannibalism, interproximal

Umm el Tel (in __) produced evidence of used to help a stone tool, part of__ ____ __technology. Also evidence of a__ _____ in vertebra of donkey.

Syria, hafted tools, Mousterian, spear point

The surest evidence of Neanderthal art is ___ __in Iberia,__ ___ __years ago,__ ___ __before humans, and jewelry in the__ ______ __,__ _______ years ago.

cave art, 64.8 kya, 20K, Arrey Sur Cave, 44K

What evidence of speech in neanderthals is there? What other anatomical evidence indicates that they have adequate breath control for speech?

hyoid bone like humans, thoracic vertebra like humans

What sure support is there for the Out of Africa hypothesis? What is the more tenuous support?

first Homo sapiens in Africa, intermediates only in Africa, first Homo sapiens look Africa.

The oldest known anatomically human was what? Where was it found? How old was it?

Omo I, Ethiopia, 200,000 ya

Although intermediates are found mostly in _______, they are also found in__ __*, such as Amud I, a*__ ________ from ______, that is _____ years old.__

Africa, Israel, neanderthal, Israel, 70,000

The first anatomically modern humans in Europe were found in _________,__ ____ __years ago. This has been called__ ________ __love child because it has__ ____ __body proportions with a__ _______.

Portrugal, 24,500, Neanderthal human, neanderthal, chin

Jinnishuan and specmens from _______, both found in China, (the latter__ ______years ago), both have__ __________ incisors.

Linjuang, 67,000, shovel shaped.

What led to the formation of the leaky replacement model?

Evidence that neanderthals are more closely related to Europeans and that humans interbred with Denisovans