HASS

Climate change *

Long-term shift in Earth's weather patterns and temperatures, which increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Ecological footprint *

measures the demand on and supply of nature to support economies

Biocapacity *

Ability of an ecosystem to provide natural resources and absorb the waste produced by humans

Greenhouse effect *

Gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, keeping the planet warm enough to support life.

Enhanced greenhouse effect *

Extra warming of Earth caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities.

Land Clearing *

Removal of trees and vegetation from an area, which can harm ecosystems and increase carbon emissions.

Desertification *

The process where fertile land becomes dry and unusable.

Desertification causes

drought, deforestation, or poor land management.

Food Insecurity *

People don't have reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food to live a healthy life.

Biodiversity Loss

The decline or disappearance of different species of plants, animals, and other organisms

Biodiversity Loss causes

Habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.

Flash flooding

A sudden and intense flood that happens quickly after heavy rain

Soil degradation Causes *

Decline in soil quality and health due to overuse, erosion, pollution, or poor farming practices

Enviromental Worldview *

care for the environment.

Anthropocentric worldview *

Humans, mankind

Egocentric Worldview *

Personal benefit

Ecocentric Worldview *

Whole planet

Biocentric Worldview *

All living things

Enviromental Managment

The responsible use and protection of natural resources to reduce human impact.

Sustainabiliity

Practice of using natural resources responsibly today, so they are available for future generations tomorrow.

Urban Heat Island Effect

Urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings due to human activities

Smart Water Management

Using technology and planning to use water efficiently and reduce waste or shortages.

Green Infrastructure

Built systems like parks, green roofs, and wetlands that improve environments.

Human Wellbeing

A good or satisfactory condition of existence characterised by health, happiness, prosperity and welfare.

HDI (Human Development Index)

A measure of a country's development using life expectancy, education, and income levels.

HPI (Happy Planet Index)

Measures how well nations are doing at achieving, long, happy, sustainable lives

SSI (Sustainable Society Index)

Measures how well a country supports human wellbeing, environmental health, and economic sustainability.

Spacial variation

The degree to which things are arranged in space

Economic Growth

An increase in the production of goods and services within an economy over a period

Target Economic Growth (AUS)

2-3%

Current Economic Rate (AUS)

4.1%

Benifits of economic growth

Higher incomes, improved living standards, reduced unemployment

Costs of economic growth

Environmental degradation, resource depletion, increased inequality

Inflation causes

Increased demands, rising costs and monetary policy decisions

Demand Pull

Occurs when demand for goods and services exceeds supply in an economy

Cost push

Occurs when overall prices increase due to increases in the cost of wages and raw materials

Current Inflation Rate (AUS)

2.4%

Costs of High Inflation

Reduced purchasing power and potential higher unemployment

Unemployment Causes

Recessions, depressions, technological improvements, job outsourcing

Structural unemployment

Caused by a mismatch between the skills by workers in the economy

Frictional unemployment

Individuals are temporarily between jobs, searching for a new position

Cyclical unemployment

Caused by fluctuations in the business cycle or economic cycle

Seasonal unemployment

Occurs when jobs are only available certain times of a year

Target Unemployment rate

4.5%

Current unemployment rate (AUS)

4.1%

Costs of unemployment

Loss of income, mental health issues, decreased consumer spending.

Income equity

The gap between the rich and poor,

GINI Index

Measure of the inequality of income or wealth distribution within a country

GINI (0)

Perfect Equity, everyone has the same income

GINI (1)

Perfect Inequality, one person has all the income

Income Inequity causes

Discrimination and taxation policies

Income Inequity effects

Economic decline, health issues, reduced access to education

Absolute Poverty

Person doesnt have enough income to meet basic needs (food, water, shelter, clothing)

Relative Poverty

Person has less income compared to others in society

Poverty Issues

Lack of basic needs, reduced health outcomes, and social and economic barriers

2 Efforts to Reduce Poverty

Increasing wages, Affordable housing investment

Urbanisation

the population shift from rural to urban areas

Monetary Policy

Actions by reserve bank to manage the money supply and interest rates within an economy

Fiscal Policy

Government's use of taxing and spending to influence the economy