Biology I Chapters 1-3 Exam

Cohesion

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together.

Adhesion

The tendency of two separate kinds of molecules to stick together.

Acid

A substance that donates hydrogen atoms to a solution, has a lower pH

Base

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Aqueous Solution

A solution in which water is the solvent.

Solvent

The dissolving agent (ex. water).

Salt

A synonym for an ionic compound, often exists as crystals.

Hypothesis

Evidence based inquiry used to investigate the natural world, can be tested by humans.

Non polar

A molecule that doesn’t have a distinct positive or negative end, the charge is evenly distributed. Electrons are shared equally.

Transcription

DNA is transcribed into RNA, the RNA is a copy of the DNA as that doesn’t leave the nucleus, it’s called messenger RNA (mRNA).

Starch

A storage polysaccharide, a long chain of sugar units.

Translation

Translates RNA into an amino acid chain, which makes a protein, the mRNA is read by rRNA which is located in the ribosomes.

Trans Fat

Unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen, associated with health risks.

Collagen

Primary building block for skin, muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments. Proteins that are composed of the amino acids proline, glycine and hydroxypoline.

Polypeptide

Amino acids that are linked by a dehydration reaction, creating a peptide bond and forming a chain.

Saturated Fat

Have no double bonds and have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom.

Chitin

a component of insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls, it’s a polysaccharide which is a long chain of sugar units.

Hydrophilic

“Water loving”, a molecule or substance that has a strong affinity for water, readily dissolving or interacting with it due to its polar nature. Contains charges/partial charges that allow it to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Polar

A molecule where one end has a slightly positive charge and the other end has a slightly negative charge. Electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom.

Hydrophopic

A property of molecules that don’t mix with water, lipids are hydrophobic

What are the 3 domains of life?

Bacteria, archaea and eukarya.

Bacteria

Very common and can be found on many surfaces, prokaryotic.

Archaea

Found in hot springs, hard to find, produces proteins, prokaryote.

Eukarya

Includes the kingdoms fungi, plantae and animalia, made up of eukaryotes.

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

Reproduction, growth and development, response to stimuli, order, energy processing, regulation and evolutionary adaptation.

Levels of organization in organisms from simplest to most complex

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere.

Taxonomic Hierarchy (broad-specific)

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Evolution

Process of change that transforms life on earth, the cause for unity and diversity of the living world (determined by what gets passed on).

Producer

Takes sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

Consumer

Consumes producers to gain energy, the energy exits the consumer as heat.

Independent Variable

The factor that is manipulated, it isn’t changed by the other variables being measured.

Dependent Variable

Measure used to judge the outcome of an experiment, depends on the manipulated variable.

Control Group

A group or condition that remains unchanged and serves as a baseline for comparison. Demonstrates the effect of a single variable.

Primary Structure

The sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

The coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary Structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions among R groups.

Quaternary Structure

Proteins made of more than one polypeptide.

Specific Heat

The specific heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance 1 degree Celsius.

Parts of a nucleotide

Phosphate group, sugar and nitrogenous base.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Proteins

Amino acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Dehydration Synthesis

Removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together, cells linking monomers together to form polymers.

Covalent Bond

Atoms share electrons.

Ionic Bond

The attraction of two opposite charges holds ions together.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bond that holds water together.

Ion

Atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from the gain/loss of one or more electron.

Isotope

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Where are carbohydrates found?

Small sugar molecules, examples are starch, glycogen, cellulose (plant cell walls) and chitin (insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls).

Where are lipids found?

Phospholipids (cell membrane), steroids (cholesterol), cholesterol (animal membranes and sex hormones).

Where are amino acids found?

DNA and RNA.

Dogma of biology

Genetic information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to protein.

Arm

Supports the body tube and lenses. Use it to carry microscope.

Base

Supports the entire microscope. Broad and heavy, the base give the instrument stability.

Ocular Lens/Eyepiece

In the upper part of the microscope, monocular microscopes have one, binocular microscopes have two.

Body Tube

Holds the ocular at one end and the nosepiece at the other, a prism reflects light to the naked eye.

Reviving Nose Piece/Turret

Located at lower end of body tube, revolving device that holds objectives.