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Restorative theory
sleep is needed so the brain can restore/rejuvenate the body and mind
Adaptive theory
Sleep is needed so we can protect/conserve our energy when we are awake and in vulnerable times
awake
beta waves
drowsy
alpha waves
stage 1
theta waves
stage 2
theta waves
stage 3
delta waves
stage 4
slowed delta waves
REM
similar to beta waves
Psychodynamic theory
dreams are symbolic, representing our unwanted, unconscious desires, conflicts, experiences
Activation-synthesis theory
dreams are the brains attempt to interpret random signals given from the brain stem during REM sleep
Computer model theory
The brain is being compared to a computer, as computers perform there own maintenance, the brain “cleans up” all the bad chemicals and such that were produced while awake
Sensory perspective
dreams are being shown in first or third person; whether you are living the dreams or watching, actor vs. view
Cognitive perspective
dreams are a way the brain processes daily experiences, emotional concerns, and memory consolidation into a pictorial form
Memory
the active mental system that encodes, stores and retrieves information
Encoding
turning sensory info into a mental representation
Semantic encoding
using meaningful connections to make sense of such thing
Visual info encoding
using mental pictures to make sense of such thing
Organizational encoding
categorizing to make sense of such thing
Storage
memories are maintained for immediate or future use
Retrieval
accessing or finding the information
Sensory memory
only holding a current sensory for a brief moments
Iconic sensory memory
The visual aspect of sensory memory
Echoic sensory memory
the auditorial aspect of sensory memory
Short-term memory
information that you keep in your consciousness without/before it being further processed
Long-term memory
information that is stored relatively permanently
Neural netowrks
mimics ai, tracing patterns/data and making predictions from storage in long-term
Semantic networks
information is organized when going into long term memory
Explicit memory
going into your brain and retrieving information
Episodic memory
a memory formed in a visual context
Semantic memory
memories that contain you logical/factual information
Implicit memory
random spark or pop up of a memory, it is automatic
Procedural memory
a memory you have formed over time, when indulging, you don’t think twice about doing; motorizing thus movement
Primed memory
your brain answering/filling in something with a memory you have accumulated from your environment, being primed to think this way
Conslidation
putting information into long-term memory
Maintenance rehearsal
information being stored in your memory from a repetitive task
Elaborative encoding
storing information into your memory by making sense of what you’ve learned, given examples or making examples to compare, thinking deeply
Spaced Practice
storing information into memory by spacing the information and practicing; not craming everything into a certain amount of time
Sleeping/long-term memory
this action helps retain memories, making connections
Retrieval cues
The action of using other information to help remember the target information.
External cues
gathering information from an outside force, can be from smell and taste, or sitting in the same seat from where you learned the information
Internal cues
gathering information from inside you, like feelings, moods, temp
Encoding failure
information you forget everyday because it is only important to know for that day, the information becomes useless once the next day arrives
Retrieval failure
information that you are wanting to gather, but because you don’t think of this information often, the link to attain that information is broken; called tip of the tongue phenomenon
Interference
When you mix a piece information stored in your memory because it is similar to another piece of information stored in your memory
Decay
Information that you learn and store at a certain point in time is no longer useful and becomes forgotten; not information you use daily
Intentionally
We are conscious of something
Unity
Consciousness stems from senses, experiences, thoughts and feelings
Selectivity
Were able to focus our attention
Transience
We constantly shift our attention
Place theory
A wave of sound activates hair cells on the Basilar membrane, peaking at a certain place corresponding to a certain frequency
Gestalt principle
our mind organizes our perception into laws/rules
Common fate
Things that move together are seen in sync as one unit
Extraction
Breaking the message down into basic components for processings
Feature detectors
Types of neurons that process very specific information
Tri-chromatic theory
Color vision occurs by comparing activation of 3 types of cones for the 3 primary colors
Opponent processings theory
6 primary colors that the 3 types of cones perceived in pairs
Cons
Detect wavelengths
Rods
Detect intensity
Interpretation
Complex processes where many ares of the brain combine information and prior experience to understand the underlying sensations
Transduction
Processings where sensations are translated to electrochemical messages for the brain
Absolute threshold
Minimum amount of stimulus needed to reliably detect it 50 percent of the time
Just noticeable difference
Amount of difference between two stimuli necessary for detection of that difference
Sensations
Physical stimuli from the environment used to create understanding of the world
Perception
Psychological interpretation of those stimuli combined with prior knowledge of the world
Alzheimer’s
deterioration of the limpid system, hippocampus and acetylcholine