Psych Exam 2: Ch. 4, 5, 6

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67 Terms

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Restorative theory

sleep is needed so the brain can restore/rejuvenate the body and mind

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Adaptive theory

Sleep is needed so we can protect/conserve our energy when we are awake and in vulnerable times

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awake

beta waves

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drowsy

alpha waves

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stage 1

theta waves

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stage 2

theta waves

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stage 3 

delta waves

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stage 4

slowed delta waves

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REM

similar to beta waves

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Psychodynamic theory

dreams are symbolic, representing our unwanted, unconscious desires, conflicts, experiences

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Activation-synthesis theory

dreams are the brains attempt to interpret random signals given from the brain stem during REM sleep

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Computer model theory

The brain is being compared to a computer, as computers perform there own maintenance, the brain “cleans up” all the bad chemicals and such that were produced while awake

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Sensory perspective

dreams are being shown in first or third person; whether you are living the dreams or watching, actor vs. view

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Cognitive perspective

dreams are a way the brain processes daily experiences, emotional concerns, and memory consolidation into a pictorial form

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Memory

the active mental system that encodes, stores and retrieves information

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Encoding

turning sensory info into a mental representation

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Semantic encoding

using meaningful connections to make sense of such thing

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Visual info encoding

using mental pictures to make sense of such thing

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Organizational encoding

categorizing to make sense of such thing

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Storage

memories are maintained for immediate or future use

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Retrieval

accessing or finding the information

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Sensory memory

only holding a current sensory for a brief moments 

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Iconic sensory memory

The visual aspect of sensory memory

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Echoic sensory memory

the auditorial aspect of sensory memory

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Short-term memory

information that you keep in your consciousness without/before it being further processed

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Long-term memory

information that is stored relatively permanently

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Neural netowrks

mimics ai, tracing patterns/data and making predictions from storage in long-term

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Semantic networks

information is organized when going into long term memory

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Explicit memory

going into your brain and retrieving information

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Episodic memory

a memory formed in a visual context

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Semantic memory

memories that contain you logical/factual information

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Implicit memory

random spark or pop up of a memory, it is automatic

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Procedural memory

a memory you have formed over time, when indulging, you don’t think twice about doing; motorizing thus movement

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Primed memory

your brain answering/filling in something with a memory you have accumulated from your environment, being primed to think this way

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Conslidation

putting information into long-term memory

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Maintenance rehearsal

information being stored in your memory from a repetitive task

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Elaborative encoding

storing information into your memory by making sense of what you’ve learned, given examples or making examples to compare, thinking deeply

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Spaced Practice

storing information into memory by spacing the information and practicing; not craming everything into a certain amount of time

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Sleeping/long-term memory

this action helps retain memories, making connections

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Retrieval cues

The action of using other information to help remember the target information.

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External cues

gathering information from an outside force, can be from smell and taste, or sitting in the same seat from where you learned the information

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Internal cues

gathering information from inside you, like feelings, moods, temp

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Encoding failure

information you forget everyday because it is only important to know for that day, the information becomes useless once the next day arrives

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Retrieval failure

information that you are wanting to gather, but because you don’t think of this information often, the link to attain that information is broken; called tip of the tongue phenomenon

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Interference

When you mix a piece information stored in your memory because it is similar to another piece of information stored in your memory

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Decay

Information that you learn and store at a certain point in time is no longer useful and becomes forgotten; not information you use daily 

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Intentionally

We are conscious of something

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Unity

Consciousness stems from senses, experiences, thoughts and feelings

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Selectivity

Were able to focus our attention

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Transience

We constantly shift our attention

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Place theory

A wave of sound activates hair cells on the Basilar membrane, peaking at a certain place corresponding to a certain frequency

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Gestalt principle

our mind organizes our perception into laws/rules

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Common fate

Things that move together are seen in sync as one unit

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Extraction

Breaking the message down into basic components for processings

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Feature detectors

Types of neurons that process very specific information

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Tri-chromatic theory

Color vision occurs by comparing activation of 3 types of cones for the 3 primary colors

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Opponent processings theory

6 primary colors that the 3 types of cones perceived in pairs

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Cons

Detect wavelengths

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Rods

Detect intensity

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Interpretation

Complex processes where many ares of the brain combine information and prior experience to understand the underlying sensations

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Transduction

Processings where sensations are translated to electrochemical messages for the brain

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Absolute threshold

Minimum amount of stimulus needed to reliably detect it 50 percent of the time

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Just noticeable difference

Amount of difference between two stimuli necessary for detection of that difference

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Sensations

Physical stimuli from the environment used to create understanding of the world

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Perception

Psychological interpretation of those stimuli combined with prior knowledge of the world

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Alzheimer’s

deterioration of the limpid system, hippocampus and acetylcholine

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