Psych 325: Module Eleven, intergroup relations and prejudice

According to Allport's original formulation of intergroup contact theory, which combination of conditions is most likely to reduce prejudice?

Equal status, common goals, cooperation, and institutional support

What did Pettigrew and colleagues identify as the most important mediators through which intergroup contact reduces prejudice?

Reduced anxiety and increased empathy/perspective-taking

Which conclusion is most strongly supported by the meta-analytic evidence reviewed by Pettigrew et al. (2011)?

Intergroup contact typically reduces prejudice across a wide range of target groups and contexts

How do Pettigrew, Tropp, Wagner, and Christ (2011) respond to the criticism that intergroup contact may hinder social change by reducing conflict?

They argue that contact can both reduce prejudice and, in some cases, increase awareness of inequality and support for social change

According to Pettigrew et al. (2011), what is a key practical implication of intergroup contact theory for reducing prejudice and conflict?

Structural policies that increase opportunities for positive intergroup contact are important components of reducing intergroup conflict

According to Duckitt and Sibley (2007), what does the dual process approach predict about generalized prejudice?

Different domains of prejudice are associated with different ideological motivations

Duckitt and Sibley (2007) found that attitudes toward "dangerous" groups were most strongly predicted by which ideological orientation?

Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)

According to Duckitt and Sibley (2007), attitudes toward "derogated" groups were primarily associated with:

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

Which of the following best describes the findings of Duckitt and Sibley (2007) regarding attitudes toward "dissident" groups?

They were predicted by both RWA and SDO, but more strongly by RWA

What was the key theoretical implication of Duckitt and Sibley's (2007) findings?

Different forms of prejudice arise from distinct motivational and ideological processes

Which of the following lists the three major theories of prejudice discussed in social psychology?

Social Identity Theory, the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice, and Intergroup Contact Theory

According to Social Identity Theory, the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice, and Intergroup Contact Theory, why might people exhibit prejudice toward outgroups?

People may favour their ingroup to enhance self-esteem, hold ideological beliefs that justify prejudice, and have insufficient positive contact with outgroup members

According to Social Identity Theory, the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice, and Intergroup Contact Theory, how can prejudice toward outgroups be reduced?

By promoting inclusive group identities, challenging ideological beliefs that support prejudice, and increasing positive intergroup contact

According to Allport (1954), what is prejudice?

An antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalisation directed toward a group or its members

How do Sibley and Barlow (2017) define prejudice?

Those ideologies, attitudes, and beliefs that help maintain and legitimise group-based hierarchy and exploitation

According to Social Identity Theory, developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner, what does the theory propose about self-concept?

Self-concept varies between personal identities and social identities derived from group memberships

According to Social Identity Theory, what is personal identity?

How individuals think about themselves as unique persons, often expressed through "I" statements

According to Social Identity Theory, what is social identity?

A person's sense of self derived from their membership in social groups, often expressed through "we" statements

According to Social Identity Theory, why is social identity important for self-concept?

People derive part of their self-worth from their group memberships, so belonging to a highly valued group can enhance self-esteem

What is the central claim of the Minimal Group Paradigm proposed by Tajfel et al. (1971)?

The mere categorisation of people into groups is sufficient to influence attitudes and behaviour

According to Tajfel et al. (1971), what does the maximisation principle suggest about intergroup behaviour?

People are motivated to enhance their ingroup's perceived worth through favourable comparisons with outgroups, thereby increasing self-esteem

In the Billig and Tajfel (1973) study, which two factors were manipulated to further assess the Minimal Group Paradigm?

Whether participants were categorised into groups and whether they were told the categorisation was based on similarity with other group members

What did Billig and Tajfel (1973) find regarding ingroup favouritism?

Participants displayed ingroup favouritism even when they knew they had been assigned to groups randomly, supporting the idea that mere group membership is sufficient to produce ingroup bias

According to Social Identity Theory, why are people motivated to favour their ingroup?

People have a self-enhancement motive and favour their ingroup because positive intergroup comparisons help maintain self-esteem

According to Social Identity Theory, what is the purpose of identity management strategies such as individual mobility, social creativity, and social competition?

To protect or enhance self-esteem and social standing when one's group is disadvantaged or stigmatised

According to Social Identity Theory, what is individual mobility?

A strategy in which individuals attempt to leave or psychologically distance themselves from a low-status group if they believe movement to a higher-status group is possible

According to Social Identity Theory, what is social creativity?

A strategy in which group members reinterpret negative group characteristics positively or emphasise alternative dimensions of comparison that favour their group

According to Social Identity Theory, what is social competition?

A strategy involving direct efforts, such as competition or collective action, to improve the status and standing of one's ingroup

According to Social Identity Theory, which socio-structural factors influence whether members of disadvantaged groups engage in collective action and social change?

The permeability of group boundaries, the stability of group-based differences, and the legitimacy of group-based differences

According to Social Identity Theory, what does the permeability of group boundaries refer to?

How easy or difficult it is for individuals to move from one social group to another

According to Social Identity Theory, how does the stability of group-based differences influence the strategies used by low-status groups?

Stable and enduring group differences make social creativity more likely as a way to improve group status

According to Social Identity Theory, how does the perceived legitimacy of group-based differences affect collective action?

People are more likely to engage in collective action when group-based differences are perceived as illegitimate

According to Social Identity Theory, what are the effects of perceiving group boundaries as permeable?

Ingroup identification decreases, collective action and social competition decrease, and individual mobility increases

According to Social Identity Theory, how does higher stability of group status differences affect responses to group disadvantage?

It increases ingroup identification, encourages efforts to improve the ingroup's standing (e.g., through social creativity), and decreases individual mobility

According to Social Identity Theory, when is collective action most likely to occur?

When status differences are perceived as illegitimate, particularly when they are unstable and group boundaries are impermeable

According to Social Identity Theory, what influences the identity management strategies people use in response to group disadvantage?

Both socio-structural factors and psychological processes

According to Social Identity Theory, how does efficacy influence collective action?

People are more likely to engage in collective action when they believe their actions can make a meaningful difference

According to Social Identity Theory, how does having a voice within a system affect collective action?

Having the opportunity to provide feedback on the system can decrease the likelihood of engaging in collective action

According to Social Identity Theory, how can system justification influence identity management strategies?

System justification can reduce the desire for social change because people are motivated to view society as fair and just

Which of the following best summarises Social Identity Theory?

People derive part of their self-concept from group memberships, even minimal groups can influence behaviour, people seek to enhance their group's relative standing, and identity management strategies are shaped by both socio-structural and psychological factors

According to Duckitt's (2001) Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice, what is a key assumption about prejudice?

Prejudice may be expressed toward the same or different groups for qualitatively distinct reasons, influenced by both intergroup factors and individual differences

According to Altemeyer (1981), which three components make up Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)?

Conventionalism, authoritarian submission, and authoritarian aggression

According to Duckitt (2006), what does Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) primarily index, and toward whom does it predict prejudice?

A preference for order, security, and conformity, predicting prejudice toward groups perceived as threatening these values

What does Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) index according to Social Dominance Theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999)?

A preference for group-based hierarchy and inequality between social groups

According to Duckitt (2006), how does Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) relate to prejudice in the Dual Process Model?

It reflects a preference for dominance and power and predicts prejudice toward groups seen as competitive or subordinate within group hierarchies

According to the Dual Process Model, how do Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) develop?

They develop through motivational pathways in which early socialisation experiences and personality traits foster views of the world as dangerous or competitive, which then promote RWA and SDO

According to the Dual Process Model, which pathway is proposed to lead to the development of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?

Environments characterised by inequality and competition, combined with an uncaring upbringing and low Agreeableness, foster a competitive worldview that promotes SDO

According to the Dual Process Model, which pathway is proposed to lead to the development of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)?

Environments characterised by danger, instability, and punitive practices foster social conformity and a dangerous worldview, which promote RWA

According to findings supporting the Dual Process Model, how is Agreeableness related to Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?

Agreeableness is negatively associated with SDO, and this relationship is explained by lower levels of competitive worldviews

According to findings supporting the Dual Process Model, how is Openness to Experience related to Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)?

Openness to Experience predicts lower levels of RWA because it is associated with lower levels of dangerous worldviews

According to the Dual Process Model, what distinguishes the motivational origins of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?

RWA develops from a need to control perceived threat arising from a dangerous worldview, whereas SDO develops from a need to control perceived competition arising from a competitive worldview

According to the Dual Process Model, what prediction follows from the different motivational origins of RWA and SDO?

RWA should be particularly responsive to social threats, whereas SDO should be particularly responsive to perceived competition

What did Dru's (2007) experiment demonstrate about Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?

RWA predicted prejudice when concerns about group cohesion and security were heightened, whereas SDO predicted prejudice when concerns about group-based competition were heightened

What did Sibley et al. (2013) find regarding dangerous and competitive worldviews and attitudes toward immigration?

Dangerous worldviews were more strongly associated with negative attitudes toward immigration in regions with more immigrants, whereas competitive worldviews were more strongly associated with negative attitudes in more affluent regions

According to the Dual Process Model, which of the following contextual factors would be most likely to increase perceptions of threat or competition from outgroups, thereby increasing prejudice?

Economic downturns, resource scarcity, terrorist attacks, or increased competition for jobs and housing

According to the Dual Process Model, which two motivational processes are proposed to underlie prejudice?

The desire to protect group cohesion and norms, and the desire to maintain power, dominance, and group hierarchy

According to the Dual Process Model, what pattern of prejudice should be observed if Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) reflect distinct motivational drives?

Different social groups should elicit different patterns of prejudice depending on whether they are perceived as threatening social norms and cohesion, competitive, or both

According to Asbrock et al. (2010), which pattern of prejudice supports the Dual Process Model's distinction between Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?

RWA predicted prejudice toward dangerous groups, SDO predicted prejudice toward derogated groups, and both predicted prejudice toward dissident groups

According to Satherley and Sibley (2016), how did Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) differ in their associations with attitudes toward trade with China?

RWA predicted lower support for increased trade with China, whereas SDO predicted greater support for trade with China

According to Satherley and Sibley (2016), why might individuals high in Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) support increased trade with China despite expressing lower warmth toward Chinese people?

They may view trade as a means of benefiting New Zealand's economy and increasing national resources, status, and dominance without requiring direct intergroup interaction

According to the Dual Process Model, what is the proposed direction of influence leading to prejudice?

Personality traits influence worldviews, which shape ideological orientations such as RWA and SDO, which in turn contribute to prejudice

According to Osborne et al. (2021), what was the relationship between Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), and prejudice over time?

RWA and SDO predicted increased prejudice over time, while prejudice also predicted increased SDO, although this feedback effect was weaker than the effect of SDO on prejudice

Which statement best summarises the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice?

Early socialisation experiences and personality traits shape worldviews, which foster motivational ideologies that predict distinct forms of prejudice

How do Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) differ according to the Dual Process Model?

SDO is motivated by concerns about power, dominance, and hierarchy, whereas RWA is motivated by concerns about ingroup cohesion, security, and social order

According to the Dual Process Model, what factors influence the relationship between SDO, RWA, and prejudice?

Both the perceived qualities of target groups (e.g., threat, competition, or subordination) and contextual factors (e.g., immigrant density in the local area)

What does the research evidence suggest about the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice?

The model has received strong support across experimental, correlational, and longitudinal research designs

According to Allport's (1954) Intergroup Contact Theory, what is the contact hypothesis?

Contact between groups can reduce prejudice, but only when the contact occurs under certain conditions

According to Allport (1954), which set of conditions is most likely to result in successful prejudice reduction through intergroup contact?

Equal status, common goals, cooperation, and support from authorities

According to Pettigrew and Tropp's (2006) meta-analysis, what conclusion can be drawn about intergroup contact?

Intergroup contact reliably reduces prejudice, the effects generalise to the broader outgroup, and Allport's optimal conditions enhance—but are not required for—its effectiveness

According to Pettigrew and Tropp (2008), which three mediators help explain why intergroup contact reduces prejudice?

Outgroup knowledge, reduced anxiety, and increased empathy/perspective-taking

According to Pettigrew and Tropp (2008), what do findings on the mediators of the contact–prejudice relationship suggest?

Reduced anxiety and increased empathy have stronger mediating effects than outgroup knowledge, suggesting that emotions play a particularly important role in reducing prejudice through contact

According to Intergroup Contact Theory, which of the following is another plausible mechanism through which contact might reduce prejudice?

The development of positive emotions such as trust, friendship, or feelings of belonging toward outgroup members

According to Levin et al. (2003), what effect do cross-group friendships have on intergroup attitudes?

Cross-group friendships are associated with more positive attitudes toward ethnic outgroups over time

According to Intergroup Contact Theory, which of the following demonstrates that direct interaction is not necessary for prejudice reduction?

Extended contact, observing positive intergroup interactions, and even imagining contact with an outgroup member can reduce prejudice

According to Turner et al. (2013), what effect did imagined positive contact with a gay person have on participants?

It led to more positive attitudes toward gay people, which in turn increased willingness to approach and decreased willingness to avoid gay people

According to Intergroup Contact Theory, which of the following situations would be most likely to promote positive intergroup contact and reduce prejudice?

Members of different groups cooperating on a shared project with common goals and institutional support

What question does the increasing integration of multicultural societies raise for Intergroup Contact Theory?

If contact generally reduces prejudice, why does prejudice still persist in increasingly integrated and multicultural societies?

According to Meleady and Forder (2019), what is an important reason prejudice may persist despite increasing opportunities for intergroup contact?

Negative contact experiences can increase prejudiced attitudes, offsetting some of the benefits of positive contact

According to research on negative intergroup contact, what effect can negative contact experiences have on attitudes and behaviour toward outgroups?

Negative contact can increase prejudice and lead to more negative behavioural intentions toward outgroups

According to research on positive and negative intergroup contact, why might negative contact leave a stronger impression than positive contact?

Negative experiences tend to be more emotionally salient and memorable, giving them a disproportionate influence on attitudes and future expectations

According to Barlow et al. (2012), how did the effects of positive and negative intergroup contact compare in predicting prejudice toward Black Australians?

Negative contact had a stronger effect on increasing prejudice than positive contact had on reducing it

According to Paolini et al. (2010), why might negative intergroup contact have a stronger impact on prejudice than positive contact?

Negative contact makes group memberships more salient, which can heighten awareness of group differences and exacerbate prejudice

What concern has been raised about the effects of positive intergroup contact on minority group members?

Although positive intergroup contact often improves majority group attitudes, it may sometimes have unintended or undesirable effects for minority group members

According to Sengupta et al. (2012), how did outgroup friendship contact affect symbolic exclusion among NZ Europeans and Māori?

Increased contact with Māori friends reduced symbolic exclusion among NZ Europeans, whereas increased contact with NZ European friends increased symbolic exclusion among Māori

According to Sengupta et al. (2012), what role did ingroup and outgroup contact play in shaping Māori attitudes toward symbolic exclusion?

Outgroup contact was associated with greater endorsement of ideologies harmful to Māori status, whereas ingroup contact helped resist these ideologies

According to Intergroup Contact Theory, under what circumstances is prejudice toward outgroups most likely to be reduced?

When positive intergroup contact occurs under appropriate conditions that promote constructive interaction between groups

What does the research evidence suggest about the effects of intergroup contact on prejudice?

The positive effects of contact have been consistently demonstrated across numerous studies using both direct and indirect forms of contact

According to research on Intergroup Contact Theory, through which mechanism does contact primarily reduce prejudice?

By reducing negative emotions and improving affective responses toward outgroups rather than primarily changing cognitive processes

What limitation of Intergroup Contact Theory is highlighted by research on negative contact and minority group experiences?

Negative contact is more strongly associated with increased prejudice than positive contact is with reduced prejudice, and positive contact can sometimes weaken minority group motives to maintain or improve ingroup status