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Semantics
Meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.
Syntax
Rules for word order in sentences.
Babbling stage
Infants produce sounds unrelated to language.
One-word stage
Single words convey full thoughts.
Telegraphic speech
Short, simple phrases like "want cookie."
Overgeneralization
Misapplying grammar rules, e.g., "goed" instead of "went."
Separation (stranger) anxiety
Distress when away from caregivers.
Attachment
Emotional bond with a caregiver.
Strange Situation (Ainsworth)
Test assessing infant attachment styles.
Secure attachment
Comfort with caregiver, distress when they leave.
Insecure attachment
Avoidance or excessive dependence on caregiver.
Temperament
Inborn emotional and behavioral traits.
ACE
Adverse Childhood Experiences impacting long-term development.
Authoritarian parenting
Strict rules, high expectations, little flexibility.
Permissive parenting
Few rules, indulgent, child-driven approach.
Authoritative parenting
Balanced rules, warmth, and open communication.
Identity
Sense of self and personal values.
Diffusion
Lack of commitment or exploration in identity.
Foreclosure
Committing to identity without exploring alternatives.
Moratorium
Actively exploring identity without commitment.
Achievement
Commitment to identity following exploration.
Emerging adulthood
Transitional phase from adolescence to full independence.
Social clock
Societal expectations for life events, like marriage.
