AP World History Unit 9 - Economy and Reforms

Economic Liberalization

Process of reducing government restrictions and regulations on the economy to encourage free-market policies, trade, and private enterprise

World Bank

An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to countries for development projects aimed at reducing poverty and promoting economic growth.

World Trade Organization

An international organization that regulates global trade, sets trade rules, and resolves disputes between member countries to ensure smooth and fair trade.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Regional organization in Southeast Asia that promotes economic, political, and security cooperation among its member countries.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Cold War-era defense alliance created to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, modeled after NATO but dissolved in 1977.

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade

International trade agreement established in 1947 to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers, promoting global trade until it was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.

International Monetary Fund

International organization that provides financial assistance, policy advice, and economic monitoring to countries to promote global monetary stability and economic growth

Government Subsidiaries

Financial assistance or support provided by the government to businesses or industries to encourage growth or stability.

Austerity Measures

Policies aimed at reducing government deficits by cutting public spending and increasing taxes

Mercosur

A South American trade bloc that promotes economic cooperation and free trade among its member countries

Protective Tariffs

Taxes on imports designed to protect domestic industries by making foreign goods more expensive

Trade War

A situation where countries impose tariffs or trade barriers on each other in retaliation, escalating conflicts over trade

Economic LIberalism

An economic theory that advocates for minimal government intervention in the market and emphasizes free markets, competition, and private enterprise

Free Markets

Markets where prices are determined by supply and demand with little to no government control or intervention

Belt and Road Initiative

A global infrastructure development strategy by China to improve trade and economic connectivity through projects like roads, railways, and ports

Asian Tigers

Refers to the highly developed and fast-growing economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.

Multinational Corporations

Companies that operate in multiple countries, with facilities or assets in more than one nation

Consumer Culture

A social order focused on the acquisition of goods and services as a primary means of personal satisfaction and identity

Global Brands

Brands that are recognized and marketed worldwide, often with a consistent identity and product offerings across different countries

Online Commerce

The buying and selling of goods and services over the internet

Child Labor

The employment of children in work that deprives them of their childhood, education, or is harmful to their well-being.

Sweatshop Labor

Work in poor conditions, often involving long hours and low wages, typically in factories that produce goods for multinational companies

Human Trafficking

The illegal trade of humans for exploitation, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, or other forms of abuse

Debt Relief

The reduction or cancellation of debt, typically granted to developing countries to help them manage or eliminate financial burdens

Debt Restructuring

The process of renegotiating the terms of debt, such as interest rates or repayment schedules, to make it easier for a borrower to repay

General Assembly

The main deliberative body of the United Nations, where all member states meet to discuss and make decisions on global issues.

Security Council

A key UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security, with the power to authorize military action and impose sanctions

Secretariat

The administrative arm of the United Nations, responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work and implementing decisions made by other UN bodies

Peacekeeping

The deployment of international forces to help maintain peace and security in conflict zones, often by monitoring ceasefires and supporting political processes.

World Health Organization

A specialized UN agency focused on global public health, setting health standards and providing support to countries in disease prevention and health improvement.

Doctors Without Borders

An international medical humanitarian organization that provides emergency medical care to people affected by crises, regardless of race, religion, or political affiliation.

Green Party

A political party focused on environmental issues, sustainability, and social justice, advocating for policies to combat climate change and protect natural resources

Greenbelt Movement

An environmental organization founded in Kenya, focused on tree planting, environmental conservation, and women's empowerment

Paris Climate Accords

An international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming to below a specific threshold - replaced the Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol

An international treaty that set binding targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, aiming to combat climate change.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A milestone document adopted by the UN in 1948, outlining fundamental human rights to be protected for all people worldwide.

Human Rights

Basic rights and freedoms that all people are entitled to, such as the right to life, liberty, and equality before the law.

Global Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and gender equality on a global scale, addressing issues like discrimination, violence, and economic inequality worldwide.

Refugees

People who are forced to flee their home country due to fear of persecution, war, or violence, seeking safety in another country.

International Court of Justice

Principal judicial body of the United Nations, settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on international legal questions

Double V Camapign

A campaign during World War II that aimed for victory over fascism abroad and victory over racial discrimination at home in the United States.

Rosa Parks

An African American civil rights activist known for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, where she refused to give up her seat to a white person, challenging segregation laws.

WEB DuBois

An African American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist, co-founder of the NAACP, and a leader in the fight for racial equality.

Marcus Gavey

A Jamaican political leader and activist who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association promoting Black pride, economic independence, and the back-to-Africa movement.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal," legitimizing Jim Crow laws for decades.

Brown v. Board of Education

A 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Protest against segregated bus systems sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, leading to a Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.

Jim Crow

A series of state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States

Redlining

The practice of denying or limiting financial services to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity, often affecting Black and minority communities

Civil Rights Act

A 1964 U.S. law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and aimed to end segregation in public places and employment.

Voting Act

U.S. law that prohibited racial discrimination in voting, ensuring federal oversight in areas with a history of discriminatory practices.

Limited Citizenship

A status where certain rights and privileges of full citizenship are restricted, often based on race, ethnicity, or legal status.

Stateless

A person who is not recognized as a citizen by any country, lacking legal nationality and its associated rights.

Pass Laws

Laws in South Africa during apartheid that required Black people to carry passbooks, restricting their movement and access to certain areas.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

A body established to help heal and reconcile a country after conflict by investigating past human rights abuses and promoting accountability and forgiveness.

Dalits

A social group in India historically considered outside the caste system, often subjected to discrimination and marginalization, previously known as "Untouchables."

World Fair Trade Organization

International network that promotes fair trade practices, supporting artisans and farmers in developing countries by ensuring fair wages and sustainable production.

Occupy Movement

A series of protests that began in 2011, focusing on economic inequality, corporate influence in politics, and the concentration of wealth.

Battle of Seattle

Protests against the WTO summit in Seattle, highlighting concerns over global trade, labor rights, and the environment.

Indymedia

A network of independent media outlets that provide alternative news and perspectives, focusing on grassroots activism and social justice issues.

Movimento Negro Unificado

Civil rights organization focused on fighting racial inequality and promoting the rights of Black people in Brazil.

CONAIE

An organization representing Indigenous communities, advocating for their rights, cultural preservation, and environmental protection.

Rigoberta Menchu

A Guatemalan Indigenous woman and activist who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 for her work advocating for Indigenous rights and social justice.

Zapatistas

A revolutionary group in southern Mexico, advocating for Indigenous rights, land reform, and anti-globalization.

World Food Program

The food assistance branch of the United Nations, providing emergency food aid and working to combat hunger and malnutrition worldwide

Human Rights Watch

An international organization that investigates and advocates for human rights, documenting abuses and pressuring governments to uphold global human rights standards

Amnesty International

A global organization that campaigns to protect human rights, focusing on issues like freedom of expression, fair trials, and ending torture.

United Nations High Comissioner for Refugees

United Nations body that safeguards the rights and well-being of refugees.

Non Governmental Organization

A nonprofit organization that operates independently of any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a social or political issue.