A&P 1 for nurses lecture final

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions

Levels of organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Integumentary system

Protection and temperature regulation; skin

Skeletal system

Support and mineral storage; bones

Muscular system

Movement; skeletal muscles

Nervous system

Fast control and communication; brain, spinal cord

Endocrine system

Hormonal regulation; thyroid gland

Cardiovascular system

Transport of blood; heart

Lymphatic system

Immunity and fluid balance; lymph nodes

Respiratory system

Gas exchange; lungs

Digestive system

Nutrient breakdown and absorption; stomach

Urinary system

Waste removal; kidneys

Reproductive system

Reproduction; ovaries or testes

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Anterior

Toward the front

Posterior

Toward the back

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Superficial

Toward the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Farther from point of attachment

Anatomical position

Standing upright, feet forward, palms facing forward

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial and spinal cavities

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Cranial cavity

Contains the brain

Spinal cavity

Contains the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

Contains heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains digestive and urinary organs

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right

Frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane

Divides body into superior and inferior

Negative feedback

Response reverses change

Positive feedback

Response amplifies change

Feedback loop components

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

Gradient

Difference in concentration, charge, or pressure

Proton

Positive charge, nucleus

Neutron

No charge, nucleus

Electron

Negative charge, electron cloud

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Element

Substance made of one type of atom

Atomic number

Number of protons

Mass number

Protons plus neutrons

Isotope

Atoms with different numbers of neutrons

Radioisotope

Unstable isotope that emits radiation

Solution

Homogeneous mixture

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

Substance doing the dissolving

Ionic bond

Electron transfer

Covalent bond

Electron sharing

Hydrogen bond

Weak attraction between molecules

Exergonic reaction

Releases energy

Endergonic reaction

Requires energy

Enzyme

Protein catalyst that lowers activation energy

Acid

Releases hydrogen ions

Base

Accepts hydrogen ions

pH scale

Measures acidity or basicity

Buffer

Resists pH changes

Carbohydrates

Primary energy source

Lipids

Energy storage and membranes

Proteins

Structure and enzymes

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA; genetic information

Primary protein structure

Amino acid sequence

Secondary protein structure

Alpha helices and beta sheets

Tertiary protein structure

Three dimensional shape

Quaternary protein structure

Multiple polypeptide chains

Plasma membrane

Controls entry and exit of substances

Cytoplasm

Cellular material outside nucleus

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Diffusion

Passive movement down concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion

Passive movement using carrier proteins

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Active transport

Movement against gradient using ATP

Secondary active transport

Uses energy from ion gradient

Hypertonic solution

Causes cell to shrink

Hypotonic solution

Causes cell to swell

Isotonic solution

No net water movement

Organelle

Membrane-bound cellular structure

Mitochondria

ATP production

Ribosome

Protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

Protein and lipid production

Golgi apparatus

Modifies and packages proteins

Transcription

DNA to mRNA

Translation

mRNA to protein

Interphase

G1, S, G2 phases

Mitosis

Nuclear division

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasmic division

Histology

Study of tissues

Tissue

Group of similar cells performing a specific function

Four major tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial tissue functions

Protection, absorption, secretion, filtration

Epithelial tissue characteristics

Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

Simple squamous epithelium

Thin, flat cells for diffusion and filtration

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Cube-shaped cells for secretion and absorption

Simple columnar epithelium

Tall cells for absorption and secretion

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Ciliated tissue that moves mucus

Stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple layers for protection