CANCER PT 3

Fibroma

grows anywhere in the body - encapsulated, harmless tumor and may cause symptoms unless they press in a bone or nerves - that can grow in any organ.

Lipoma

a slow-growing, fatty lump that is most often situated between the skin and the underlying muscle layer.

Very common benign tumor (adipose tissue) - Poorly encapsulated - May put pressure on surrounding tissue as they expand

Leiomyoma

benign tumor that is smooth muscle in origin - Rarely become malignant

Fibroma, Lipoma, Leiomyoma

Benign Tumors

Carcinoma, Sarcoma

Malignant Tumors

Carcinoma in situ

localized & can be removed surgically but can become invasive & erroding into surrounding tissue

Malignant Fibrosarcoma

may originate from benign fibromas - bulky, well differentiated tumo

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

- 90% of all cases of lung CA - also known as lung cancer - usually develops in lower trachea and lower bronchi

Adeno

suffix for glandular tissue

Angio

suffix for blood vessles

GRADING

according to histologic or cellular characteristics of tumor

STAGING

it quantifies the disease / identify the spread of disease

T - stands for the extent of primary tumor

N - involvement of regional lymph nodes

M - extent of metastatic involvement

T -

N-

M -

STAGE 0

Tis, NO, MO

STAGE 1

T1, NO, MO

STAGE IIA

TO, N1, M0; T1, N1, M0; T2, NO, MO

STAGE IIB

T2, N1, M0; T3, NO, ΜΟ

STAGE IIIA

TO, N2, M0; T1,N2, M0; T2,N2, M0; T3,N1,M0; T3, N2, M0

STAGE IIIB

T4, any N, MO or any T, N3, MO

STAGE IV

any T, any N, M

Gx: grade cannot be assessed

G1: well-differentiated grade

G2: moderately well-differentiated grade

G3: poorly differentiated

G4: undifferentiated

Gx -

G1 -

G2 -

G3 -

G4 -

Thrombocytopenia

the most common cause of bleeding in cancer patients

1.) Optimal dietary patterns and lifestyle changes

2.) Minimize exposure to carcinogens

3.) Obtain adequate rest and exercise to reduce stress:

Primary Preventive Measures

1.) Health History and Physical Examination

2.) Screening Methods

3.) Self-Care Practices

Secondary Preventive Measures: Early Detection

Mammography

radiographic technique used to detect breast cysts and tumors, especially those not palpable on physical

❖ Change in bowel or bladder movement.

❖ A sore or wound that does not heal.

❖ Unusual bleeding or discharge.

❖ Thickening of breasts or lumps

❖ Indigestion or dyspepsia.

❖ Obvious change in wart or mole.

❖ Nagging or hoarseness.

❖ Unexplained weight loss.

❖ Prolonged anemia.

CAUTION UP stands for what?

4.5 - 5.7 mEq/L

Calcium normal level

135 - 145 mEq/L

Na normal level

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L

Potassium (K) normal level

Radioimmunoassay

Technique that measures tumor antigen in the serum using radiolabeled antigens

Flow cytometry

a) Cells are tagged with a marker that lights up, or fluoresces, when it and its host cell pass through the brilliant light of a laser beam. The markers are often artificial; antibodies that bind to proteins found only on the cells of interest

b) The tagged cells are suspended in fluid and run through the cytometer, which sends them single file through the laser beam, where they light up

CYTOLOGIC EXAMINATION

Used to diagnose cancer in an asymptomatic person and to identify pre cancerous lesions or non invasive cancers

Class I - Normal

Class II - Inflammation

Class III - Mild to Moderate Dysplasia

Class IV - Probably Malignant

Class V - Malignant

Bethesday System Classification

Class I -

Class II -

Class III -

Class IV -

Class V -

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Studies glucose metabolism in body tissues and is proving useful in differentiating varying rates of tissue metabolism. ● injection of the small radioactive material (called radiotracer)

BIOPSY

The only definitive way to diagnose cancer

ENDOSCOPY

Fiberroptic tubes equipped with a light source are commonly used to illuminate various body cavities, permitting visual inspection of the interior of the cavity being examined

Cure

Complete eradication of malignant disease

Control)

Prolonged survival and containment of the cancer cell growth

(Palliation

Relief of symptoms associated with the disease

Excisional biopsy (Total Biopsy)

Biopsy used for easily accessible tumors (small tumors)

Incisional biopsy (Subtotal Biopsy)

biopsy used if the tumor mass is too large to be removed (big tumors)

Needle biopsy

biopsy used to sample suspicious masses that are easily accessible

Wide or radical excision (en bloc dissection

Removal of the tumor, lymph node and surrounding tissues is removed

Local incision

Only the entire tumor is removed

SALVAGE SURGERY

is an additional treatment option that uses an extensive surgical approach to treat recurrence of the cancer after a less extensive primary approach is used

Electrosurgery

surgery that make use of electrical current

. CRYOSURGERY

surgery that uses liquid nitrogen/argon to freeze tissue to cause cell destructi

CHEMOSURGERY

uses combined topical chemotherapy and layer by layer surgical removal of abnormal tissue.

LASER SURGERY

makes use of light and energy aimed at an exact tissue location and depth to vaporize cancer cells. ● light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ● Makes use of light

STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY

is a single and highly precise administration of high dose radiation therapy used in some types of brain and head and neck cance

Prophylactic surgery

removes non-vital tissues or organs that are likely to develop cancer

Reconstructive surgery

may follow curative or radical surgery and is carried out in an attempt to improve function

Palliative surgery

Goal: to make the patient as comfortable as possible and to promote a satisfying and productive life for as long as possible. ● Retire the growth, to decrease the cancer cells. ● Relieve the manifestations but there is no cure

RADIATION THERAPY

it is the use of ionizing radiation to interrupt cellular growth

Particles

electrons, beta particles, protons, neutrons, and alpha particles. ● These are implants that are placed inside the body

Electronic rays (x-rays and gamma rays)

if radiation is coming from the machine

Gamma rays

most penetrating type of ionizing radiation

Radiodermatitis

inflammation of the skin after exposure to radiation

Cesium 137 or Radium 226

radioisotope used for intracavity radioisotope

Interstitial Radioisotopes

used in treating prostate, pancreatic or breast cancer. ● it may be temporary or permanent, depending on the radioisotope used which usually consists of seeds, needles, ribbons, beads, wires, or small catheters positioned to provide a local radiation source and less