Mitosis

Somatids

Body cells

Gametes

Sex cells

Another name for mitosis

Equational cell division

Ploidy

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

Interphase

Preparatory phase, has four main phases: G0, G1, S, G2

G0 stage

The resting phase. Cells may or may not enter this phase, depending on conditions. Cells are metabolically active but not in the cell cycle. Helps maintain tissue homeostasis and prevents unnecessary cell division to conserve energy and resources

Quiescent stage

Temporary G0 stage entry

Senescent Stage

Permanent G0 stage entry

G1 stage

Cell grows in size and synthesizes proteins. It is metabolically active. All cell organelles except DNA are duplicated

G1 checkpoint

The restriction point that allows the cell to ensure that it has enough nutrients, energy, and favorable conditions to commit to DNA replication

S stage

DNA is replicated. Centrosomes are replicated

G2 phase

The cell grows more to hold all the duplicated contents. Prepares the cell for M phase

M phase

The mitosis phase where the actual cell division happens

Karyokinesis

The division of the nucleas

Cytokinesis

The division of cytoplasm

Prophase

The longest phase. Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids attached at the centromere. The nuclear membrane starts to break down, organelles like nucleolus, golgi, and ER disappear. The duplicated centrosomes move to opposite poles and spindle fibers start to emerge

Chromatin

A network of DNA and proteins

Spindle fibers

Small fibers that emerge from the microtubules of a centriole which connect to chromosomes at the centromere

Metaphase

The chromosomes arrange end to end at the equator of the cell

Metaphase plate

an imaginary plane that forms during metaphase where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell before being separated 

Anaphase

Spindle fibers separate the sister chromatids. The resulting single chromatid becomes an independent chromosome. Each half moves towards opposite poles. The single strand chromosomes make a V-shape as they go through the cytoplasm

Telophase

Final stage. A nuclear membrane again forms around each pole. Each set of chromosomes decondense into chromatin. Spindle fibers disassemble. The duplicated organelles reappear