Social Psychology unit 4

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141 Terms

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Person perception

how we form impressions and make judgments about others

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Attribution theory

how people determine the cause of others' behaviors, either internal or external

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Fundamental attribution error

tendency to blame others' behavior on their personality rather than the situation

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Actor-observer bias

blaming our own actions on the situation but blame others' actions on their personality

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Prejudice

negative, unfair opinion on a group of people without knowing them

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Stereotype

generalized belief about a group of people

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Discrimination

unfair treatment of people based on their group

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Just-world phenomenon

belief that people get what they deserve and vice versa

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Social identity

part of a person's identity based on being part of a group

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Ingroup

group you identify with

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Outgroup

group you see as different from yourself

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Ingroup bias

favoring people in your group over others

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brown-eyes/blue eyes experiment

experiment by Jane Elliott, showing how quickly people can develop prejudice based on arbitrary traits

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Scapegoat theory

blaming another group of one's own problems/frustrations

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Other-race effect

tendency to recognize faces of one's own race more easily than those of other races

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Cognitive dissonance

discomfort felt when our actions don't match our beliefs, leading us to change one to reduce tension

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Attitudes

feelings and beliefs that influence how we react to things

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Foot-in-the-door

getting someone to agree with a small request first, making them more likely to agree to a bigger one later

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Door-in-the-face

asking a big favor first then asking for a smaller one which they are more likely to accept

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Role

set of expectations about how a person in a certain position should behave

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Persuasion

process of changing someone's beliefs through communication

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Peripheral route persuasion

influencing people using superficial cues like attractiveness

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Central route persuasion

persuading someone using logical facts

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Norms

unwritten rules about how to behave in a group

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Conformity

changing behavior to match others

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Asche experiments

studies showing people conform to group opinions even when wrong

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Normative social influence

conforming to be liked or accepted by others

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Informational social influence

conforming because we believe others have more information

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Obedience

following orders from an authority figure

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Milgram experiment

study showing people obey authority, even when causing harm

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Power of disobedience

the impact of resisting authority

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Social facilitation

performing better on tasks in the presence of others

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Social loafing

putting in less effort when working in a group

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Deindividuation

losing self-awareness in a group, leading to impulsive actions

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Stanford Prison experiment

study showing how roles affect behavior and power dynamics

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Group polarization

groups making more extreme decisions than individuals

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Groupthink

poor decision-making in groups due to desire for harmony

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Culture

shared beliefs, values, and behaviors of a group

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Tight culture

cultures with strict norms and low tolerance for misbehavior

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Loose culture

cultures with relaxed norms and high tolerance for misbehavior

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Aggression

intent to harm others

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Influences on aggression

factors like frustration, environment, and biology

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Frustration-aggression principle

frustration leads to aggression

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Robber's Cave experiment

Study on group conflict and cooperation among boys

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Social script

expected behavior in specific social situations

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Altruism

more concern for others' well-being rather than our own

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Bystander effect

people are less likely to help when others are present

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Kitty Genovese

case highlighting the bystander effect; she was attacked while others watched.

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Social exchange theory

people weigh costs and benefits in relationships

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Reciprocity norm

expectation to return favors

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Social-responsibility norm

belief to help those who need it

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Conflict

disagreement or struggle between individuals or groups

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Social trap

situation where individuals act in self-interest, leading to harm for all

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Mirror-image perceptions

when conflicting groups see each other as the enemy

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

beliefs that lead to behaviors that confirm those beliefs

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Superordinate goals

shared goals that unite conflicting groups

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GRIT

strategy to reduce conflict by encouraging cooperation

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Psychodynamic theories

focus on how unconscious thoughts shape personality

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Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory that unconscious drives influence behavior

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Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis, studied the unconscious mind

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Unconscious

Hidden thoughts, desires, and memories that affect behavior

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Free association

Saying whatever comes to mind with no filter to uncover unconscious thoughts

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Id

part of personality driven by desires and impulses

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Ego

rational part of personality that balances id and superego

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Superego

moral part of personality that enforces rules and values

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Psychosocial development

Erikson's theory of personality growth through life stages

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Oedipus complex

Freud's idea that boys feel unconscious attraction to their mother

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Defense mechanism

way for the mind to protect itself from anxiety

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Repression

pushing painful thoughts into the unconscious

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Alfred Adler

focused on the need for superiority and overcoming insecurities

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Karen Horney

challenged Freud; emphasized social and cultural influences on personality - “womb envy”

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Carl Jung

developed the idea of the collective unconscious and archetypes

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Collective unconscious

Carl Jung's idea that all humans share inherited memories from our ancestors

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Archetype

Universal symbols or themes in human culture (e.g., hero, mother)

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Modern approaches to the unconscious

Focus on hidden biases and automatic thinking

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Terror-management theory

How fear of death affects behavior and beliefs

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Rorschach inkblot test

A test using inkblots to reveal unconscious thoughts

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Thematic Apperception Test

A test where people create stories about pictures to reveal feelings

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Projective test

Tests designed to uncover unconscious thoughts through interpretation

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Humanistic theories

Focus on personal growth and self-improvement

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Abraham Maslow

Created the hierarchy of needs, leading to self-actualization

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Carl Rogers

Emphasized self-concept and unconditional positive regard

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Hierarchy of needs

A pyramid of human needs, from basic survival to personal growth

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Self-actualization

Reaching one's full potential

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Self-transcendence

Going beyond oneself to find meaning and purpose

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Unconditional positive regard

Accepting and valuing a person no matter what

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Self-concept

How you see and feel about yourself

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Trait

A stable personality characteristic

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Factor analysis

A statistical method to find patterns in traits

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Personality inventory

A questionnaire that measures personality traits

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A widely used personality test.

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Empirically derived test

A test developed by selecting items that show differences between groups.

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Big Five factors

Five major personality traits—openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN).

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Person-situation controversy

Debate over whether personality or situations influence behavior more.

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Social-cognitive perspective

Personality is shaped by thinking and social interactions.

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Behavioral approach

Personality is shaped by learning and environment.

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Reciprocal determinism

Albert Bandura’s idea that behavior, thoughts, and environment all influence each other.

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Self

Your sense of identity.

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Spotlight effect

Overestimating how much others notice you.

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Self-esteem

How much you value yourself.