Practical igcse bio

Watch glass

Surface for evaporating liquids

Filter funnel

Used to separate solids from liquids

Measuring cylinder

Used for measuring volume of liquids

Thermometer

Temperature

Spatula

Handling solid chemicals

Pipette

Transfer small volumes of liquids

Stand, boss and clamp

Support apparatus’s, reduces the risk of dangerous spills

Bunsen burner

Used to heat the contents of other apparatus or directly heating solids

Tripod

Used to support apparatus above a Bunsen burner

Gause

Used to spread out heat from a bunsen burner

Test tube and boiling tube

Used for heating solids and liquids and hold chemicals

Evaporating dish

Used to collect and evaporate liquids

Beaker

Used for mixing solutions and heating liquids

Points for experimental design

Make sure to list all the values and dont just say random shit

List Independent var

Dependent var and how you will measure

Variables you will control(at least 3) and the equipment you will use to control them

Preparation(dont need this shit)

What you shall record as data

Safety precautions(just use safety goggles and gloves)

Repeat 3 times

How graph dumbass

Titles for x and y axis(use \ rather than paranthesis) and define units

Make sure shit is to scale

If multiple data sets key

Dont graph from 0 if not in data set

Have a suitable title for graph

Use the X

Independent variable on x axis, dependent on y

Straight line if no slow gradual change, if gradual change use curve

How table dumbass

Try and have 2 columns. Manipulated data is not required but looks cool

Units in column heading

Same number of decimal places

No blanks

Methylene blue

A stain for animal cells

Different tests for macromolecules

Emulsion test is 2 cm^3 of ethanol added to unkown substance, shaken and pourn into test tube containing equal volume distilled water, emulsion = pos

Protein test is biuret reagent(lose points if just biuret) added to unknown sol, shake, purple = pos

Starch test is iodine solution to 2cm^3 unkown shaken blue-black is pos

Glucose is 2 cm^3 benedicts reagent added 2 cm^3 unkown heated in boiling water 2-3 min orange = pos

Vitamin C is put drops of unknown solution on DCPIP, few drops = strong vitamin C unknown, many drops = weak Vitamin C unknown

Controls make every test on a sample of water

Hydrogen carbonate indicator

Detect’s changes in co2 concentration

Cobalt chloride paper

Changes in water content

ph indicator paper

Changes in pH during reactions

Litmus paper

Qualitative detection of pH

glucose

Change in water potential of solutions

Sodium chloride

Change in water potential of solutions

Black paper

Foil is heat reflector black paper is light absorber

Distilled water

Changes in water potential

Eosin

To follow the pathway of water absorbed by plants

Limewater

LIquid absorbent for co2P

Potassium hydroxide

Removes co2 from the atmosphere

Sodium hydrogencarbonate

Use for adjusting pH of solutions and it’s mildly alkali

Petroleum jelly

Blocks pores like the stomata to prevent water loss