Psych Unit 5 vocab

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Tend

and

Health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Catharsis

the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Mindfullness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

Feel

good, do

Positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Subjective well

being

Adaptation

level phenomenon

Relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

DSM

5

Attention

deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations. (Formerly called social phobia)

Generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Obsessive

compulsive disorder (OCD)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Psychotic disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Delusion

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Chronic schizophrenia

(also called process xxxx) a form of a disorder in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Acute schizophrenia

(also called reactive xxxxx) a form of a disorder that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event

Dissociative disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder

Personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

Bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Biomedical theory

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

Eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety

Interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self

Insight therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Client

centered therapy

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client

Unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self

Behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety

Virtual reality exposure therapy

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety by creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Rational

emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Cognitive

behavioral therapy (CBT)

Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Meta

analysis

Evidence

based practice

Therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

Pyschopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Antipsychotic drug

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Antianxiety drug

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant drug

drugs used to treat depressions, anxiety disorders, obsessive

(several widely used of xxx drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

SSRIS)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion

Posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises