Ions are
Ions are atoms with a net charge that come from neutral molecules of dissolved solids or gases.
Electroneutrality
All water samples should have the same number of cations as they have anions, (electrically neutral)
Ionic Strength
Considered to be negligible in analysis, more prevalent with sea water
Hardness
The ability for a sample of water to react with soap, caused by multivalent ions
Hardness is a funcion of what
The normality of a species
Total Hardness
Associated with multivalent cations for a sample, can be divided into carbonate and non carbonate hardness
If Carbonate Hardness is greater than total hardness
Nc=TH, NCH=0
If Carbonate Hardness is less than total hardness
Nc=CH, NCH=TH-Nc
Equivalent Weight
g/eq
Alkalinity
The ability of a water sample to neutralize
Bioconcentrate
A toxin will be stored in the fatty tissue of an animal
Biomagnify
A toxin will increase in concentration as you go up the food chain
ThOD
way to measure oxygen demand via stoich
BOD
See how DO changes after a few days, indicates organic matter in water
COD
See how oxidant is consumed (you add an oxidant and a dye and see how the colour changes), indicates organic matter in water
Radon
Pressure gradients cause this inert gas to go through basements and vents, we have pollutant control measures
Total Suspended Solids
Will not pass through filter
Total Dissolved Solids
Will pass through a filter
Total Suspended Solids
Benefits: They are good for ensuring the flow of sedimentation in areas where its deplenished Harms: Fish who need that light
Volatile Solids
Will ignite (typically organic compounds)
Fixed Solids
Will not ignite (inorganic solids)
HPC
Allows us to count the number of colonies after a few days in a sample of water, done with a filter
Turbidity
Measure of lights ability to scatter through a water sample, related to Total Suspended Solids
The process for all of the Total Solids, Total Suspended and Total Dissolved Solids
TS
TS=TFS+TVS
TS
TS=TSS+TDS
Microorganisms in water
Fungi, Bacteria, Algae (all of these are considered pathogens)
Fecal Coliforms
Group of bacteria which are found in animal and human feces
Indicator bacteria
Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms
Total Organic Carbon Test
Determine the degree of organic contamination of water, convert all carbon to CO2 via high temp, measure CO2 (TC), all remaining inorganic carbon is converted to CO2 using pH reduction, measure CO2