CIVE 375: CH2

Ions are

Ions are atoms with a net charge that come from neutral molecules of dissolved solids or gases.

Electroneutrality

All water samples should have the same number of cations as they have anions, (electrically neutral)

Ionic Strength

Considered to be negligible in analysis, more prevalent with sea water

Hardness

The ability for a sample of water to react with soap, caused by multivalent ions

Hardness is a funcion of what

The normality of a species

Total Hardness

Associated with multivalent cations for a sample, can be divided into carbonate and non carbonate hardness

If Carbonate Hardness is greater than total hardness

Nc=TH, NCH=0

If Carbonate Hardness is less than total hardness

Nc=CH, NCH=TH-Nc

Equivalent Weight

g/eq

Alkalinity

The ability of a water sample to neutralize

Bioconcentrate

A toxin will be stored in the fatty tissue of an animal

Biomagnify

A toxin will increase in concentration as you go up the food chain

ThOD

way to measure oxygen demand via stoich

BOD

See how DO changes after a few days, indicates organic matter in water

COD

See how oxidant is consumed (you add an oxidant and a dye and see how the colour changes), indicates organic matter in water

Radon

Pressure gradients cause this inert gas to go through basements and vents, we have pollutant control measures

Total Suspended Solids

Will not pass through filter

Total Dissolved Solids

Will pass through a filter

Total Suspended Solids

Benefits: They are good for ensuring the flow of sedimentation in areas where its deplenished
Harms: Fish who need that light

Volatile Solids

Will ignite (typically organic compounds)

Fixed Solids

Will not ignite (inorganic solids)

HPC

Allows us to count the number of colonies after a few days in a sample of water, done with a filter

Turbidity

Measure of lights ability to scatter through a water sample, related to Total Suspended Solids

The process for all of the Total Solids, Total Suspended and Total Dissolved Solids

TS

TS=TFS+TVS

TS

TS=TSS+TDS

Microorganisms in water

Fungi, Bacteria, Algae (all of these are considered pathogens)

Fecal Coliforms

Group of bacteria which are found in animal and human feces

Indicator bacteria

Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms

Total Organic Carbon Test

Determine the degree of organic contamination of water, convert all carbon to CO2 via high temp, measure CO2 (TC), all remaining inorganic carbon is converted to CO2 using pH reduction, measure CO2