Ions are atoms with a net charge that come from neutral molecules of dissolved solids or gases.
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Electroneutrality
All water samples should have the same number of cations as they have anions, (electrically neutral)
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Ionic Strength
Considered to be negligible in analysis, more prevalent with sea water
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Hardness
The ability for a sample of water to react with soap, caused by multivalent ions
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Hardness is a funcion of what
The normality of a species
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Total Hardness
Associated with multivalent cations for a sample, can be divided into carbonate and non carbonate hardness
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If Carbonate Hardness is greater than total hardness
Nc=TH, NCH=0
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If Carbonate Hardness is less than total hardness
Nc=CH, NCH=TH-Nc
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Equivalent Weight
g/eq
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Alkalinity
The ability of a water sample to neutralize
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Bioconcentrate
A toxin will be stored in the fatty tissue of an animal
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Biomagnify
A toxin will increase in concentration as you go up the food chain
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ThOD
way to measure oxygen demand via stoich
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BOD
See how DO changes after a few days, indicates organic matter in water
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COD
See how oxidant is consumed (you add an oxidant and a dye and see how the colour changes), indicates organic matter in water
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Radon
Pressure gradients cause this inert gas to go through basements and vents, we have pollutant control measures
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Total Suspended Solids
Will not pass through filter
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Total Dissolved Solids
Will pass through a filter
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Total Suspended Solids
Benefits: They are good for ensuring the flow of sedimentation in areas where its deplenished Harms: Fish who need that light
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Volatile Solids
Will ignite (typically organic compounds)
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Fixed Solids
Will not ignite (inorganic solids)
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HPC
Allows us to count the number of colonies after a few days in a sample of water, done with a filter
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Turbidity
Measure of lights ability to scatter through a water sample, related to Total Suspended Solids
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The process for all of the Total Solids, Total Suspended and Total Dissolved Solids
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TS
TS=TFS+TVS
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TS
TS=TSS+TDS
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Microorganisms in water
Fungi, Bacteria, Algae (all of these are considered pathogens)
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Fecal Coliforms
Group of bacteria which are found in animal and human feces
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Indicator bacteria
Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms
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Total Organic Carbon Test
Determine the degree of organic contamination of water, convert all carbon to CO2 via high temp, measure CO2 (TC), all remaining inorganic carbon is converted to CO2 using pH reduction, measure CO2