ap world 1

B.C.E. (Before Common Era)

A secular term used to denote years before the start of the Common Era, equivalent to B.C. (Before Christ), often used in academic contexts to avoid religious connotations.

C.E. (Common Era)

Refers to the years after the start of the Common Era, equivalent to A.D. (Anno Domini), providing a more inclusive framework for dating historical events.

Bureaucracy

A system of administration characterized by a hierarchical structure and a set of rules and regulations, essential for the functioning of large governments.

Democracy

A political system where power is vested in the people, exercised directly or through elected representatives, emphasizing participation and individual rights.

Oligarchy

A form of governance where power resides with a small group, often distinguished by wealth or control, potentially marginalizing the majority.

City-state

An independent sovereign entity consisting of a city and its surrounding territory, historically significant examples include ancient Athens and Sparta.

Empire

A large political structure that extends control over various territories and peoples, often through conquest or colonization, like the Roman and British Empires.

Nation-state

A political unit characterized by a defined territory and permanent population, where the state and nation coincide, foundational to modern international relations.

Ideology

A set of beliefs or doctrines that guide political, economic, or social practices, shaping government policies and influencing individual and group behavior.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force, exemplified by European colonialism in Africa and Asia.

Monarchy

A form of government where a single person, the monarch, holds supreme authority, which can be absolute or constitutional.

Dynasty

A sequence of rulers from the same family lineage, leading to stability and continuity in governance, such as the Ming and Tudor Dynasties.

Tributary State

A state that acknowledges the supremacy of a more powerful neighbor, often paying tribute in exchange for protection or trade benefits, prevalent in East Asia.

Republic

A form of government where the country is considered a public matter, allowing citizens to elect representatives.

Key Features of Republics

Emphasize the rule of law, separation of powers, and individual rights, contrasting with autocratic systems.