Ch 8: Vitamins required for calcified structures

vitamins A, D, E, K

what are some fat-soluble vitamins?

vitamin C

what are some water-soluble vitamins?

primary deficiency

nutritional deficiency as a result of decreased intake

secondary deficiency

vitamin deficiency caused by inadequate absorption or utilization, increased requirements, excretion or destruction

vitamin A

vision in dim light; integrity of skin and mucous membranes; maintenance of immune function; growth - cell differentiation, bone, tooth development

retinoids (preformed)

found in animal products - liver, fortified dairy, fish, fortified foods

cartenoids (precursor)

deep coloured fruits and vegetables; dark green, yellow and orange - carrots, cantalope, squash

vit a hyperstates

birth defects in children with women taking isotretinoin; higher catabolism of collagen and bone resorption by osteoclasts; alopecia; dry, rough skin and mucosa; reddened gingiva; cracked lips; thinning of epithelium

hypercartotenemia

skin turns deep yellow, especially on palms and soles

vit a hypostates

growth restriction in children; impaired dark adaptation and night blindness; keratinization of lung, GI tract and urinary tract; susceptibility to infections; follicular hyperkeratosis of the skin; sometimes death; enamel hypoplasia; xeropthalia, keratomalacia, Bitot’s spots in advanced deficiency

vitamin D (calciferol)

called vitamin but more hormone; skin cells can make more with further processing by liver and kidneys; enhances intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption; may be involved in cells in hematopoiesis, skin, cardiovascular function and immune response

fish liver oils, fatty fish, fortified foods, supplements, sunlight

what are some sources of vit d?

vit d hyperstates

hypercalcemia (calcification of renal and cardiac tissues); toxic effects occur in adults receiving 2500mg/day for several months

vit d hypostates

rickets, osteomalacia