adoption, FC, institutionalization

Adoption

Permanent legal placement of a child.

Abandonment

When a child is left without care.

Kinship Adoption

Adoption within a related family.

Non-Kinship Adoption

Adoption within an unrelated family.

Reasons for Adoption

Economically, psychologically, physically unable to support a child.

lack of family/society support

lack of desire to be a parent

Protective Intervention

Adoption helps children escape adversity.

benefits of adoption

-increase SES
-stability
-growth in physical, cognitive, academic development
-self esteem
-attachment

Risk Factors in Adoption

-mental health
-learning disability
-externalizing problem
-substance abuse
-insecure attachment

Pre-Placement Environment

Adversity before adoption affects outcomes.

Openness in Adoption

Communication about adoption impacts child well-being.

Cross-Racial Adoption

Adoption across different racial or ethnic groups.

Foster Care

Temporary placement for children needing care.

Reasons for Foster Care

Maltreatment and neglect

incarceration

abandonment

intended (to reunite with birth parent)

Parental Abandonment

Parents unable or unwilling to care for child.

Temporary Arrangement

Foster care intended for eventual reunification.

reasons of risk in adoption

1. pre/post natal environment
2. identity development
3. genetic

factors of adoption outcome

1. pre-placement condition
2. quality of adoptive parenting
3. gender
4. age
5. communication about adoption
6. ethnic status
7. negative stigma of race

adoption vs normal

normal has better social and IQ

Foster Care

Temporary arrangement aiming for child-parent reunification.

Legal Responsibility

Government holds legal responsibility for foster children.

Adversity in Foster Care

Foster children often face prior adversities.

Study Outcomes

No significant outcome difference between foster and normal children.

Trauma Factors

Includes separation, instability, cultural deprivation, trauma.

Foster Care Policy

Concerns about racial disparities in foster care placements.

Institutionalization

Placement of abandoned or orphaned children in residential care.

Institutionalization Problems

lower IQ

limited physical, emotional growth

maybe these are child's problem before institutionalization

BEIP (Bucharest Early Intervention Project)

Study on institutional care's impact, started in Romania 2000-2001.

Randomized study comparing institutional care to foster care.

BEIP outcome

FC better in every domain

instiutional care less brain activity

Timing of Placement of FC

Earlier foster care placement yields better outcomes.

BEIP Ethics

Concerns about justification and consent in study.

who gets to FC and who doesn't (randomization)

cultural saviorism

BEIP gain

FC in romania

FC in Sudan

less institutionalization in world

retired grannies look after children in Bulgaria

Scientific Gain

Evidence gathered on harms of institutional care.

Childcare Types

1. in-home care
2. family care centers
3. childcare centers.

Childcare factors

1. quality
2. child age
3. length of care
4. type of care
5. number of children
6. SES
7. individual characteristics

childcare Quality

1. senstivitiy and responsiveness

2. individual attention

3. scaffolding learning

4. age appropriate activities

Structural Quality

1. level of experiences of caregiver

2. group size

3. caregiver : child ratio

4. staff turnover