I DONT KNOW SHIT

What is this

What is the precursor

How is it converted to this

What is it converted to after

Is it a five or a 4 steroid

What is its function

Where is it

1. cholesterol (C27)

2. Acetyl-CoA

3. through HMG-reductase

4. progestenone (C21)

5. five

6. dkfljd

7. in the mitochondria

what are the parts of the steroidgenesis pathway

What is this

What is the precursor

How is it converted to this

What is it converted to after

Is it a five or a 4 steroid

1. Pregnenolone (C21)

2. It’s precursor is cholesterol (C27)

3. It is converted by P450scc

4. if it is going the 4 pathway, it is converted to progesterone. If it’s going the 5 pathway, it is going to DHEA (C19)

What is this

What is the precursor

How is it converted to this

What is it converted to after

Is it a five or a 4 steroid

This is DHEA

The precursor is pregnenolone

It is converted to this by an intermediate

It is converted to androstenedione

It is a five steroid

What is this

What is the precursor

How is it converted to this

What is it converted to after

This is androstendione

The precursor is DHEA on the 5 side and progesterone on tIte 4 side

It is converted to this on both sides by 3B-HSD

It is converted to testosterone after

What is this

What is the precursor

How is it converted to this

What is it converted to after

Is it a five or a 4 steroid

This is testosterone

The precursor is androstenedione

It is converted to two potential things. It could be estriol by the 450aroscc. It could be converted to DHT by 5a-reductase

It is neither

What is the structure of DHT

What is the structure of Estriol

What is this

What is the precursor

How is it converted to this

What is it converted to after

Is iit a five or a 4 steroid

It is a progesterone

The precursor is pregnenolone

It is converted to this by 3B-HSD

It can be converted to two things, depending on the intermediate: aldosterone if the intermediate is P50aldo or an unknown intermediate leads to androstendione

It is a 4 steroid

what defines corticosteroids

have an OH on the C21

difference between mineralcorticoids and glucocordicoids structurally

mineralcorticoids focus on ion channels

glucocordicoids focus on glucose

what is the biologically active form of vitamin D3 synthesis

1,25 DHC

what are the key characteristics of stAR

-takes place in mitochondria

-limiting step for cholesterol into the membrane

-not an enzyme

synthesis of cholesterol characteristics

-rate limiting enzyme is HMG-CoA reductase

substrate is acetyl-coa reductase

how to make progestogens

catabolic process cholesterol (C27) —> progestogens(C21)

transgenic mouse

genetically engineer mice with inserted foreign gene or remove endogenous gene. It is used to observe how the presence or absence of certain
A bioregulator, enzyme, or receptor affects your endocrine system.

RIA (radioimmunoassay)

measure the concentration of a hormone in a sample

mass spectrometry

Purpose: identify an unknown compound by
measuring mass to charge ratio of components
• Typically used after HPLC has been used to
separate compound out of a mixture

HPLC high performance lipid chromatography

Purpose: separate
components in a
heterogeneous mixture

Each molecule has unique size,
hydrophobicity, and charge that allows them to travel through the column at a
different rate.

Immunohistochemistry

Purpose: to visualize location of the hormone
secreting cells or enzymes necessary for
hormone synthesis

how is catecholamine different from catecol

catecholamine synthesis

DOPA is 1st catechol

DA 1st catecholamine

structure for DHT and what is distinct

no double bond (not a 4 or 5)

organs involved in vitamin d3 synthesis + role

skin, kidney and liver

-calcium homeostasis

what structure does estradiol have

only have OH on 17th carbon

how do we use metabolism for removal of bioregulators

By enzymatic degradation
Proteins, peptides —> AAs

By enzymatic inactivation Biogenic amines. etc

By conjugation
Steroids, Thyroid hormones

What are SERMs

a class of drugs that act as either estrogen agonists (mimicking estrogen) or antagonists (blocking estrogen), depending on the specific tissue in the body

What are SPRMs

drugs that bind to the progesterone receptor (PR) to exert either blocking (antagonistic) or promoting (agonistic) effects on progesterone-regulated pathways

autocrines vs paracrines

paracrines affect other cells

autocrines affect itself

pheromones vs allemones

Pheromones affect the same species

Allemones affect different species

what can metabolism do

-make the hormone more or less deactivated

-alter structure

what are the steps of a bioregulators life

what are the steps for synthesis of proteins

1. amino acid

2. synthesis (DNA—→ polypeptide)

3. proteins(FSH, LH), peptides (vasopressin)

4. stored

5. released

synthesis for biogenic amines

1. amino acids —tyrosine and tryptophan

2. synthesis (decarboxylase)

3. makes catecholamine (ex NE) , and indolamine (ex: melatonin)

4. Storage

5. Release

synthesis for thyroid hormones

1. amino acid (tyrosine)

2. synthesis

3. thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

4. storage

5. release

synthesis for steroids

1. cholesterol

2. synthesis

3. steroids —androgens, estrogens, glucorticoids, mineralcorticoids, progestogens

4. release

synthesis for eicosanoids

1. arachidonic acid

2. eicosanids (prostaglandins)

3. release

dose response curve

1. for the first curve, when receptors are saturated, it lvls out

2. for the second curve, it shows how a pharmacological dose can lead to toxicity if in too high of a dose

3. hormesis is a two-phased dose-response relationship to an environmental agent whereby low-dose amounts have a beneficial effect and high-dose amounts are either inhibitory to function or toxic

what is unique about neuromodulators

it doesn’t generate an action potential but it still affects other neurons

what are cytocrines secreted from

all cells, and to local messengers in the ECF(NOT SYNAPSE)

who secretes intracrines

all cells

who secretes semiochemicals

organisms

who do phermones affect

SECRETED by the same species

who do allemones affect

a different species (must be secreted)

intracrine

SECRETED inside cell