The Age of Industrialization and Westward Expansion

What was the impact of new methods for retrieving raw materials like steel production?

Allowed for mass production and faster industrial growth

What made the mass production of steel cheaper?

Bessemer Process

What steel production method replaced the Bessemer process and further improved output?

Open-Hearth Method

What is Division of Labor?

Organizing workers by assigning them specific tasks

What did the assembly line enable in manufacturing?

Quicker mass production

What was the order of energy transitions for factory machines?

Transition from steam-powered to gas-powered then electricity-powered machines

What key elements drove early industrialization and expanded transport?

Steam power and railroads

What provided the necessary workforce and tools for industrial growth?

Inventions and immigration

What business innovations emerged during the Industrial Era?

Corporations

How did the telegraph and telephone impact business operations?

Enhanced communication and streamlined operations

What negative side effects resulted from industrial growth and population shifts?

Air and water pollution and rapid urbanization

What new agricultural tools improved farming efficiency during industrial expansion?

The steel plow and combine

How was corporate bureaucracy divided between types of labor?

White-collar work for management and blue-collar work for manual labor

How did railroads and the Transcontinental Railroad affect the West?

Improved physical access to Western territories

What was the purpose of the Homestead Act?

Encouraged farming and settlement by offering public land

How did Western mining and logging contribute to the nation?

Provided raw materials to fuel industries in the East

Where were many laborers recruited from to build Western infrastructure?

Europe and China

How did Westward Expansion change U.S. population distribution?

Cities in the West grew and the U.S. population shifted westward

What were the environmental consequences of Westward Expansion?

Damage to land and ecosystems from mining

How did Westward Expansion affect relations with indigenous populations?

Increased conflicts with Native Americans

What were Immigration Acts during Westward Expansion designed to do?

Restrict immigration (e.g.

How did Westward Expansion impact women's rights?

Women gained more opportunities in the West

What happened to Native American reservation boundaries over time?

Reservation boundaries were frequently reduced

What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act?

Forced Native Americans to abandon reservations and adopt individual land ownership

How did assimilation policies affect Native children?

Forced them into boarding schools which disrupted their cultures

Which two major massacres highlighted military aggression against Native Americans?

Sand Creek and Wounded Knee

What opportunities and challenges did African Americans face in the West?

Faced discrimination but found opportunities as farmers or cowboys

What was the impact of Westward Expansion on Mexican Americans?

Lost their land to incoming white settlers

What work did Asian immigrants perform in the West and what did they face?

Worked on railroads and in mines and faced exclusionary laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act

Why did Irish and Jewish immigrants come to the U.S. labor force?

Irish fled famine and Jews fled religious persecution

What were the living conditions like for urban immigrants?

Lived in overcrowded tenement apartments with unsanitary conditions

What was the function of Ellis Island and Angel Island?

Processed incoming immigrants often making decisions based on stereotypes

What are ethnic enclaves?

Separate cultural communities where immigrants lived together (e.g.

What is nativism?

Resentment by native-born Americans toward new immigrants

How did industrialization drive urbanization?

Created factory jobs that attracted people from rural areas to cities

How did railroads contribute to urban growth?

Connected rural areas to cities

Why did many African Americans move to Northern and Western cities?

Escaped Southern racial discrimination for better job opportunities

What types of jobs did city dwellers hold during the Urban Era?

Worked in factories

What fueled the growth of consumerism in cities?

The rise of large retail stores and department stores

What urban development enabled the growth of suburban communities?

Public transportation systems

What were the major living condition issues caused by rapid urbanization?

Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in tenements

How did political machines gain and maintain power in major cities?

Through corruption

How was nativism expressed through public policy?

Policies demanding English-only education and anti-immigrant legislation

What event triggered the passage of Civil Service Reform in the U.S.?

The assassination of President James Garfield