APUSH Review Guide Notes

Native Populations

Diverse social, political, and economic structures in North America influenced by their environment and interactions.

Columbian Exchange

Facilitated interactions and adaptations across the Atlantic due to European overseas expansion.

Encomienda System

Instituted by Columbus, allowed Spanish landowners to demand labor from Native Americans.

Mercantilism

Dominant economic system in the 16th-18th centuries driven by state intervention.

Pueblo Revolt

Led by Pope, a successful uprising against Spanish control in the Southwest.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Class conflict rebellion in Virginia against colonial government led by Nathaniel Bacon.

Iroquois League

A political alliance of several northeastern Native American tribes.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America established in 1607.

Magna Carta

An English document from 1215 establishing the principle of limited government.

Triangular Trade

Trade system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving goods and enslaved individuals.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals who held the highest social status in colonial societies.

Criollos

Spanish individuals born in the Americas.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed Native American and Spanish ancestry.

Mulattoes

Individuals of mixed African and Spanish ancestry.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The trade of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Agreement that ended the American Revolutionary War, recognizing American independence.

Federalists

Supporters of the proposed Constitution who favored a strong national government.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who favored more power for the states.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional, established by Marbury v. Madison.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquired in 1803, it doubled the land area of the U.S. and expanded westward.

The Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy stating opposition to European colonialism in the Americas.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival in the early 1800s that encouraged social reform.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case that ruled African Americans were not citizens.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln, freeing enslaved individuals in Confederate states.

Radical Republicans

Political faction after the Civil War advocating for civil rights and reconstruction reforms.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region, significant in the late 19th century.

Labor Movements

Efforts to improve workers' rights and conditions in the face of industrialization.

Nativism

Hostility towards immigrants and immigration seen during the late 19th century.

Social Reform Movements

Efforts to improve society through changes in laws and attitudes, especially in the Gilded Age.

The Great Depression

Economic downturn in the 1930s marked by widespread poverty and unemployment.

The Progressive Era

Period of social activism and political reform in the United States from the 1890s to the 1920s.

Civil Rights Movement

Movement in the 1960s aimed at ending racial discrimination and ensuring equal rights.

Cold War

Period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States after WWII.

Consumer Revolution

A period of time in colonial America characterized by an increase in consumer goods availability.

Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals occurring in America in the 18th century.

Connecticut Compromise

Settled disputes during the Constitutional Convention regarding representation in Congress.

Economic Stratification

The unequal distribution of wealth and resources among a population.

Women’s Rights Movement

Social movement advocating for women's legal rights and equality.”},{