Practical 1 I BIOL 106 LA

divides body into front and back

Frontal Plane

divides body into right and left

Sagittal Plane

divides body into top and bottom

Transverse Plane

The standard body position used as an anatomical reference point

Anatomical Position

above/below

Superior / Inferior

closer/farther from middle of the body

Proximal / Distal

on the inner/outer side of

Medial / Lateral

Palmar / Dorsal: applies to the hand

Plantar / Dorsal: applies to the foot

Plantar / Palmar / Dorsal

in front/behind of

Anterior / Posterior

in front/behind of in animals

Ventral / Dorsal

above/below

Superficial / Deep

longer than they are wide

Ex.) femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals…

Long Bones

at least one flat surface

Ex.) ribs, sternum, scapula, parietal bone, occipital bone

Flat Bones

equally as long as they are wide

Ex.) lunate, pisiform, calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms…

Short Bones

don’t fit into other categories of types of bones

Ex.) vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Irregular Bones

housed within tendons

Ex.) patella, hallux, pisiform (wrist)

Sesamoid Bones

Tendon: muscle to bone

Ligament: bone to bone

Tendon vs. Ligament

• skull, spine, rib cage

• Forms longitudinal axis of the body

• Supports the head, neck, and trunk

• Protects the brain, spinal cord, & internal organs

Axial Skeleton

• bones of the limbs

• enables movements of daily living

Appendicular Skeleton

Important Functions:

• support

• protection

• anchorage

• mineral storage

• blood cell formation

• fat storage

• hormone production

Boney Functions

• Weakest parts of the skeleton

• Most likely to be stretched or

• compressed - leads to injury

• More movement = Less

• stability

• Factors of a synovial joint

  • Articular Cartilage

  • Joint Cavity

  • Articular Capsule

  • Synovial Fluid

  • Reinforcing Ligaments

  • Nerves & Blood Vessels

Synovial Joints

• Bones joined by cartilage

• Types

  • Synchondrosis: immobile

  • Symphysis: slightly movable

Cartilaginous Joints

• Bones united by collagen fibers

• Types

  • Suture - immobile

  • Syndesmosis - slightly moveable and immobile

  • Gomphosis - immobile

Fibrous Joints

• Formed by the articulation of the surfaces of 2 flat bones

  • bones slide/glide over each other

• Non-axial joint

  • no true movement

Plane

• Most common type in the human body

• Uniaxial Joint

  • Bones move in 1 plane

  • Flexion/extension

• 2 bones, 1 is convex & the other concave

Hinge

• One bone serves as the axis and the other pivots/rotates around it

• Uniaxial Joint

  • rotation is the only movement allowed

Pivot

• Consists of an oval, convex shaped end of one bone articulating with an elliptical, concave cavity of another bone

• Biaxial Joint

  • Typically allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, some circumduction

Condylar

• Formed by a convex and concave articulating surfaces

  • interlock like 2 perpendicular saddles

• Biaxial joint

  • Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and some circumduction

Saddle

• Most mobile of all joints

• Multiaxial

  • allows movement in all 3 planes

• Spherical end of 1 bone articulates with the cup/socket of another bone

Ball and Socket

1 flat bone surface glides over another without angulation or rotation

Plane joints!

Gliding

• movements that increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones

• can occur in any plane of the body

Angular

bending movement decreases angle by bringing bones closer together

Flexion

straightening movement; increases angle between articulating bones

Sagittal Plane

Extension

• Move a limb away from the middle

• Increases angle further as the limb moves

Abduction

• Moves the limb towards the body

• Decreases angle as the limb moves closer to the body

Frontal Plane

Adduction

distal end of limb moves in a circle

Circumduction

turning of a bone around its own long axis

Rotation

Rotates the forearm laterally so the palm faces up

Supination

Rotates the forearm medially so the palm faces down

Pronation

Lifting the foot to bring the top of the foot towards the shin

Dorsiflexion

pointing the foot downward

Plantarflexion

Turning the foot inward

Inversion

Turning the foot outward

Eversion

lifting the body part upward

Elevation

moving the body part downward

Ex.) Mandible and Scapula

Depression

freely movable joints; all synovial joints

Diarthrosis

functionally immovable joints, providing maximum stability; cranial sutures; immovable joint

Synarthroses

slightly moveable joints

Amphiarthroses

Origin: posterior, superior tibia and fibula

Insertion: Navicular tuberosity, plantar surface of the tarsals and metatarsals 2-4

Action: Inversion (primary) & plantarflexion (secondary) of the ankle

Innervation: Tibial Nerve

Posterior Tibialis

Origin: Posterior surface of the tibia

Insertion: Base of the distal phalanges of the 2nd-5th toes

Action:

• Flexion of the lateral four digits

• Plantarflexion and inversion of the ankle

Innervation: Tibial Nerve

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Midshaft of fibula

Insertion: Distal phalanx of 1st toe

Action:

• Flexion of the 1st toe

• Ankle plantar flexion and inversion

Innervation: Tibial Nerve

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Origin:

• Lateral Head: Lateral condyle of the femur

• Medial Head: Medial condyle of the femur

Insertion: Posterior calcaneal tubercle

Action:

• Plantar Flexion of ankle when knee is extended (Primary)

• Knee flexion when ankle is dorsiflexed (secondary)

Innervation: Tibial Nerve

Gastrocnemius

Origin: Posterior aspect of the head of the fibula, superior tibia, and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Posterior calcaneal tubercle

Action: Plantarflexion of the ankle

Innervation: Tibial Nerve

Soleus

Origin: posterior femur above lateral condyle, lateral supracondylar line of the femur

Insertion: Medial aspect of the posterior calcaneus

Action: Assists gastrocnemius ankle plantar flexion and knee flexion (synergist only)

Plantaris

Origin: Inferior, anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Base of the 5th metatarsal, dorsal side

Action: Dorsiflexion & Eversion of the ankle

Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve

Fibularis Tertius

Origin: Head and superior, lateral surface of the fibula

Insertion: 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (plantar surface)

Action:

• Eversion of ankle

• Plantarflexion of the ankle (weak)

Innervation: Superficial Fibular Nerve

Fibularis Longus

Origin: distal fibula shaft

Insertion: tuberosity at base of 5th metatarsal

Action:

• Eversion of ankle

• Plantarflexion of the ankle (weak)

Innervation: Superficial Fibular Nerve

Fibularis Brevis

Origin: Lateral Condyle of tibia, superior medial surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four digits

Action:

• Extends lateral 4 digits

• Dorsiflexes the ankle

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Middle part of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Distal phalanx of the great toe

Action:

• Extends the great toe

• Dorsiflexes the ankle

Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Origin: Lateral condyle and upper ½ of the tibial shaft

Insertion: inferior surface of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone

Action: Dorsiflexion (primary) & inversion of the ankle (secondary)

Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve

Anterior Tibialis

Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to the acetabulum

Insertion: Base of the patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Action: knee extension, assists in hip flexion

Innervation: Femoral Nerve

Rectus Femoris

Origin: Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of the linea aspera of

the femur

Insertion: base of the patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint

Innervation: Femoral Nerve

Vastus Medialis

Origin: Greater trochanter and lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur

Insertion: base of the patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint

Innervation: Femoral Nerve

Vastus Lateralis

Origin: Anterior and lateral surface of the body of the femur

Insertion: base of the patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint

Innervation: Femoral Nerve

Vastus Intermedius

Origin:

• Long Head—Ischial Tuberosity

• Short Head—Linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of the femur

Insertion: lateral side of the head of the fibula

Action: Flexes the knee and extends the hip

Innervation: Sciatic

Biceps Femoris

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia

Action: extends hip, knee flexion

Innervation: Sciatic

Semimembranosus

Origin: Ischial Tuberosity

Insertion: Medial aspect of the superior part of the tibia (pes anserine)

Action: Extends hip; knee flexion

Innervation: Sciatic

Semitendinosus

Origin: body and inferior ramus of the pubis

Insertion: Superior aspect of the medial surface of the tibia (pes anserine)

Action: Hip adduction and internal rotation; knee flexion

Innervation: Obturator Nerve

Gracilis

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: Superior part of the medial surface of the tibia (pes anserine)

Action: Flexion, abduction and external rotation of the hip; knee flexion

Innervation: Femoral nerve

Sartorius

Origin: lateral condyle of femur

Insertion: posterior- medial surface of the tibia

Action: “unlock the knee joint” by externally rotating the femur on the tibia during standing

Innervation: Tibial Nerve

Popliteus

Origin: Iliac fossa, iliac crest

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

Action: Hip Flexion

Innervation: Femoral Nerve

Iliacus

Origin: Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae (T12-L5)

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

Action: Hip flexion

Innervation: Lumbar Nerves (L1-L3)

Psoas Major

Psoas Major

Origin: Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

Action: Act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilizing this joint. Postural muscle that helps control deviation of trunk and is active during standing.

Innervation: Ventral rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2, and L3)

Origin: Dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx

Insertion: Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur

Action:

• Hip extension (primary)

• adduction & external rotation (secondary)

Innervation: Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Gluteus Maximus

Origin: Gluteal surface of ilium

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: Hip abduction and internal rotation

Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve

Gluteus Medius

Origin: External gluteal surface of ilium (deep to gluteus medius)

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: Hip abduction and internal rotation

Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve

Gluteus Minimus

Origin:

Insertion: Gerdy’s Tubercle

Action:

Innervation:

Tensor Fascia Latae

Origin: Pubis & Ischial Tuberosity

Insertion: Gluteal Tuberosity, Linea Aspera, Adductor Adductor Tubercle

Action: Hip adduction, flexion, internal rotation (primary)

Innervation: Obturator nerve

Adductor Magnus

Origin: Near pubic symphsis

Insertion: Linea Aspera

Action: Hip adduction, flexion, internal rotation

Innervation: Obturator Nerve

Adductor Longus

Origin: Body and Inferior Ramus of the Pubis

Insertion: Linea Aspera

Action: Hip adduction, flexion, internal rotation

Innervation: Obturator nerve

Adductor Brevis

Origin: Anterior sacrum

Insertion: Greater Trochanter

Action: Hip External Rotation

Innervation: L5, S1, S2

Piriformis

Origin: Pubis

Insertion: Lesser Trochanter

Action: Hip adduction, flexion, internal rotation

Innervation: Femoral nerve

Pectineus

Origin: pubis and ischium

Insertion: trochanteric fossa

Action: Hip External Rotation

Innervation: obturator nerve

Obturator Externus

Origin: Obturator membrane & sciatic notch

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: Hip External Rotation

Innervation: L5, S1

Obturator Internus

Origin: Ischial spine

Insertion: Greater Trochanter

Action: Hip External Rotation

Innervation: L5, S1

Gemellus Superior

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: Hip External Rotation

Innervation: L5, S1

Gemellus Inferior

Origin:

Insertion:

Action:

Innervation:

Anterior Talofibular Ligament

Origin:

Insertion:

Action:

Innervation:

Posterior Talofibular Ligament

prevents neutral inversion

Origin:

Insertion:

Action:

Innervation:

Calcaneaofibular Ligament

• Ant. Tib. tal

• Tibionavicular

• P. Tib tal

• Tibiocalcaneal

Collectively 4 ligaments support the medial ankle; make up the Deltoid Ligament. Medial Ligamentous support TCJ.

Deltoid Ligament

Origin:

Insertion:

Action:

Innervation:

Plantar Fascia

Origin: sides of metatarsals

Insertion: bases of the proximal phalanges and the extensor expansion

Action:

• Palmar: adduction

• Dorsal: abduction

Innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Interosseous Membrane

Origin:

Insertion:

Action:

Innervation:

Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament (ATFL)

• Consist of the tibia, fibula, and talus

• Synovial hinge joint

Talocrural Joint (TCJ)

side to side

Subtalar Joint (STJ)

Retinacula

Posterior Tibiofibular Ligament

• Primary anterior stabilizer of the knee

• 3 strands twisted together

• Attachments:

  • anterior-medial tibia

  • posterior-lateral femoral condyle

• Prevents anterior displacement of tibia

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

• Primary posterior stabilizer of the knee

• strongest ligament in the knee

• Attachments:

  • posterior tibial plateau

  • medial femoral condyle (near intercondylar notch)

• Prevents posterior displacement of tibia & hyperextension of the knee

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

• Round, rope-like

• Runs from lateral epicondyle to the head of the fibula

• Protect from varus forces (forces that gap the outside of the knee)

Lateral Collateral Ligament