vagula part two chemistry

element

A unique substance that cannot be broken down.

atom

The smallest form/building block of an element. An atom is unique to that element.

How is an inorganic molecule defined? Name 2 exceptions.

An inorganic compound is a molecule that does not contain carbon.

• CO — carbon monoxide

• CO₂ — carbon dioxide

• HCO₃⁻ — bicarbonate

is water inorganic?

yes.

Describe the heat capacity of water

Water has a high heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and release large amounts of heat before its temperature changes.

Describe the heat of vaporization of water.

Water has a high heat of vaporization, meaning that a large amount of heat is required to change water from a liquid into a gas.

why can water break ionic bonds?

Water is a polar solvent. Its polarity allows it to break down salts/ionic compounds, allowing them to form a solution called an electrolyte.

another name for salt

ions

What molecule do acids release? What is their pH range?

Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺), 0 - 6.99

What molecules do bases release? What is their pH range?

Bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻), 7.01–14

what does pH measure?

pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺)

What is a pH of 7?

neutral

what determines an organic molecule

An organic molecule contains carbon, with the exceptions of CO and CO₂ listed on the organic-compounds slide

What kind of bond occurs between the atoms in organic bonds? How is it different from ionic bonds?

Organic molecules contain covalent bonds.

A covalent bond forms when atoms share two or more electrons.

Unlike ionic bonds, covalent bonds do not break apart in water.

what is a monomer

A monomer is a building block of a larger organic molecule.

carbohydrates

monosaccharides

lipids

fatty acids

proteins

amino acids

nucleic acids

nucleotides

what is a polymer

A polymer is a larger molecule made from many smaller building blocks (monomers)

4 kinds of organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the only three elements in all carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the chemical formula for a monosaccharide?

C₆H₁₂O₆

know the three monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

What is “special” about glucose?

Glucose is blood sugar and is used for cellular energy. It is broken down to produce ATP, which provides energy for the cell

What is the chemical formula for a disaccharide?

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

know the three disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

describe a polysaccharide

A polysaccharide is a large, complex carbohydrate made of many sugar units.

how is starch used in the body

Stores energy in plants. Humans can digest starch and use it for energy.

how is glycogen used in the body

Stores excess glucose.It is stored as a larger molecule in the liver.

how is cellulose used in the body

A structural molecule in plant cell walls. It is the fiber in our diet.

what are the only three elements in all lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what makes lipids different that carbohydrates

carbohydrates have more oxygen and lipids are insoublable in water

Which contains more energy: 1 g of lipid or 1 g of carbohydrate?

1 g lipids

what are the four elements always found in proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What is the special bond produced between amino acids?

peptide bond

what gives proteins their ability to do specific jobs

Proteins have a specific three-dimensional shape, and that shape determines their specific job.

protein structure

collagen and keratin

protein communication

some hormones and cell receptors

protein membrane transport

channels and carriers

protein catalysts

enzymes

protein recognition and protection

antigens, antibodies, and clotting proteins

protein movement

molecular motors

protein cell adhesion

membrane proteins bind cells together

when is protein used as energy

severe malnutrition

what is an enzyme

An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst, helping chemical reactions get started in the body.

What is the interaction between an enzyme and a substrate?

An enzyme is chemically specific and works with a specific substrate.

what happens to an enzyme during a chemical reaction

The enzyme is unchanged/released in its original form after the reaction.

Therefore, it can be used again.

what is the relationship between lactose and lactase

Lactose is the substrate/sugar, and lactase is the specific enzyme that breaks it down.

what are the five elements in all nucleic acids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

ATP

adenosine triphosphate. source of immediately usable energy for the cell.