Biology

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41 Terms

1

Cell Membrane

Protective barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

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2

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid that fills the cell and holds organelles; site for metabolic processes.

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3

Nucleus

Control center containing genetic material (DNA); surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

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4

Nuclear Membrane/Envelope

Double membrane that encloses the nucleus, regulating the movement of substances in and out.

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5

Nucleolus

Found within the nucleus; responsible for ribosome production.

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6

Vacuoles

Storage organelles for nutrients, waste products, or other materials; larger in plant cells.

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7

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP through cellular respiration.

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8

Golgi Body/Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

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9

Lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials.

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10

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth & Rough)

SmoothER synthesizes lipids; RoughER has ribosomes on its surface for protein synthesis.

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11

Centrioles

Involved in cell division; help organize microtubules.

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12

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis; found in cytoplasm or attached to RoughER.

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13

Chromatin

Complex of DNA and protein; condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

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14

Cell Wall

Rigid outer layer in plant cells, providing structure and support; made of cellulose.

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15

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells; contains chlorophyll.

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16

What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles; animal cells do not; animal cells have centrioles and smaller vacuoles.

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17

Diffusion

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

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18

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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19

What are the components of the Cell Cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

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20

Interphase

Cell spends 90% of its life here in preparation for mitosis here it collects the nutrients it needs

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21

Mitosis

Process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.

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22

What are the stages of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

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23

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm after mitosis.

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24

What is a mutation?

A change in DNA sequence; can lead to cancer if it affects cell regulation.

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25

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division; causes include genetic factors, environmental exposure.

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26

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.

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27

Malignant

Cancerous tumors that invade nearby tissues.

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28

Benign

Non-cancerous tumors that do not spread.

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29

Biopsy

Removal of tissue for diagnostic examination.

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30

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Covers surfaces and lines cavities; protects, absorbs, secretes.

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31

What is the role of connective tissue?

Supports and binds other tissues; stores energy.

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32

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

Responsible for movement.

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33

What does nervous tissue do?

Transmits impulses and processes information.

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34

Describe the pathway of blood circulation.

Blood moves through the heart (right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta) to deliver oxygen and nutrients.

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35

What are the components of blood?

Red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune response), platelets (clotting), plasma (liquid component).

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36

How do the circulatory and respiratory systems interact?

Blood transports oxygen from lungs to cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs for exhalation.

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37

What is the respiratory system pathway?

Air travels from the nose/mouth, down the trachea, into the bronchi, and into the lungs.

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38

What occurs during inhalation?

Diaphragm contracts, creating negative pressure; air flows in.

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39

What happens during exhalation?

Diaphragm relaxes, pressure increases; air is expelled.

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40

Describe the digestive system pathway.

Food travels from the mouth, down the esophagus, into the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and out the rectum.

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41

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing; crucial for protecting the airways.

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