Studied by 3 people
Agriculture
farming
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. Includes economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.
Aquaculture
The cultivation of marine and freshwater fish under controlled conditions
Bid rent theory
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the market increases.
Cadastral System
the method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined
Carrying Capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support
Clustered rural settlement
an agricultural-based or rural community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods, foods, and ideas between the Americans and Europe
Commercial Agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm (profit).
Commodity chain
A link of activities from the manufacturing to the distribution of a product
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
A system in which consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually in the form of weekly deliveries of food/produce.
Conservation Efforts
Human activities that help to keep the natural resources of Earth available and clear of pollution
Deforestation
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
Desertification
the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
Dispersed rural settlement
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
Eat Local Movement
to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region, in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to have an impact on the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place.
Export commodities
goods or services sold to a foreign country
Extensive Farming Practices
an agricultural production system involving large area of land that uses relatively small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital (ranching, grain crops)
Fair trade
An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
Farm to Table
Path of food from the growth of raw product, through processing, preparation, and presentation, to the final consumer. Usually in a small geographic area. Serving local food. Similar to eat local movement.
Feedlot
a small plot of land on which large numbers of livestock are fattened for market
CAFOs
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Fertile Crescent
an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations and agricultural began
Fertilizer
a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility
First Agricultural Revolution
Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication.
Food desert
An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food. Often in poorer areas of a developed country
Food insecurity
a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food
GMO (genetically modified organism)
Plant or animal whose genetic makeup has been changed.
Green Revolution
Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.
Independent invention
development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances
Intensive Farming Practices
requires a lot of labor and capital and usually a smaller amount of land area. market crops, dairy farming, feedlots, fruit/vegetable picking, wool
Intercropping
An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time in proximity to each other to promote a synergistic interaction.
Intertillage
Tillage (overturning the soil) between rows of crops of plants.
Irrigation
A way of artificially supplying water to an area of land, usually through canals, pipes, hose systems
Linear settlement
a pattern of settlements in which homes, other buildings, businesses, even farms follow paths like roads, rivers, canals, etc
Long-lot survey system
divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. French did this a lot
Market gardening
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.
Mediterranean climate
a climate marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters, good for grapes, olives, pine nuts
Metes and Bounds
A term used in describing the boundary lines of land, setting forth all the boundary lines together with their terminal points and angles. Metes (length or measurements) and Bounds (boundaries) description is often used when a great deal of accuracy is required.
Mixed crop
planting different crops together so they grow together
mixed crop and livestock farming
both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year and help naturally fertilize the soil
Monocropping
practice of cultivating a single crop species each growing season
Monoculture
practice of cultivating one and the same crop on the same piece of land every cropping season (same crop grown year after year)
Multicropping
multiple crops grow in close proximity to each other (intercropping is an example)
Nomadic herding
the raising of livestock by moving herds from place to place to find pasture and water, extensive farming method
Organic farming
Use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops. A method of farming that does not use artificial means such as synthetic pesticides and herbicides, antibiotics, and bioengineering. Refers to the farming practice
Pastoral Nomadism
move cyclically in an established territory with domesticated livestock
Pesticide
A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops. There are also natural pesticides like neem oil
Plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Many plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives
Ranching
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock, usually cattle, graze over an extensive area.
Rectangular survey system
Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels. Use Google Earth to look at Iowa for an example
Regenerative farming
Farming techniques and land stewardship that restore the health and productivity of the soil by rotating crops, livestock, planting ground cover, protecting the surface with crop residue, and reducing synthetic chemical inputs and mechanical compaction.
Runoff
water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground
Rural Settlement Patterns
farms, villages, or towns that have any of the following patterns- dispersed, clustered, or linear
Second Agricultural Revolution
improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce, increase in machinery, increase in yield, resulted in less farm workers, migration to urban areas
Shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Slash and burn
A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil and space for the planting of crops
Soil vs dirt
soil is living and vital to agriculture
dirt is dead
Soil sanitation
salt buildup in the soil, which can hinder the growth of crops
Subsistence agriculture
Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for family/local consumption, not for trade.
Sustainability
The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained
Terracing
creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.
Third Agricultural Revolution
Currently in progress, has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's), highly efficient, technological, mechanized, profitable, large-scale
Township and range
rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands
Truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.
Urban farming
The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing food waste.
Value-added specialty crops
"value added" goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price.
von Thunen Model
An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less. concentric rings
Note
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