DNA Unit Test- Biology

What molecule contains the genetic information of cells?

DNA

What contribution did Griffith make

Found the transforming principle

What contribution did Avery make

He was the first scientist to identify that DNA is genetic material

What contribution did Hershey and Chase make

They confirmed that DNA is genetic

What does DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What monomer makes up DNA

Nucleotides

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Phosphate group, sugar, and Nitrogen Base

What are the 4 different nitrogen bases found in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

Describe the structure of DNA

Double Helix

What scientist contributed to identifying the structure of DNA

Watson and Trick, based on the work of Rosalind Franklin

What nucleotides of DNA always pair together? Which scientist discovered this?

C pairs with G, A pairs with T. Discovered by chargaff

Define complementary strands

Sequences of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other side

What is the difference between a purine and pyrimidine? Name them.

Pyrimidine-single ring (T & C)

Purine-double ring (A & G)

What type of bonds connects the nucleotides?

Covalent

What type of bond connects the nitrogen bases?

Hydrogen

What does it mean to replicate DNA

Copy the genetic information, making two copies just like the original

What is the function of helicases

Unzips the double helix. Breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases

What is the function of DNA Polymerase

enzymes will bond the nucleotides together by forming covalent bonds between the nucleotide. can find and correct errors between paired nucleotides

What are the general steps in DNA replication

1. Helicase, 2. Free floating nucleotides will join the correct nitrogen base and new hydrogen bonds will form. 3. DNA Polymerase

Describe the flow of genetic information

DNA- RNA- Protein

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

RNA has a ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar. RNA has uracil instead of thymine. RNA is a single stranded structure (usually contains one gene)

What are the three forms of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Define transformation

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism

What does semiconservative replication mean

Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand + a newly formed strand

What contributed the ability to replicate DNA fast

DNA Polymerase

Which enzyme is in control of checkpoint 2? What does it do?

Free floating nucleotides will join the correct nitrogen base and new hydrogen bonds will form

What is the relationship between DNA, chromosome, and gene?

A chromosome is a single strand of DNA, a gene is a section of DNA

What are the two main stages of Protein Synthesis

Transcription, translation

What is the function of RNA Polymerase

It attaches to the exact location on the DNA molecule where the gene is found

What is a codon

A group of 3 sequential nucleotides in mRNA

What codon is always 1st? Last?

1st: Aug, Last- UAA, UAG, UGA

The genetic code is a table of BLANK which is based on BLANK

Codons, amino acids

Define translation

Amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA

What is an anticodon

3 nucleotides of tRNA

The effects of mutations depend on

When and where it happens

Are all mutations harmful?

NO

Where does DNA Replication occur in the cell

Nucleus

What is mRNA produced in the cell

Nucleus

What is protein produced in the cell

Rough ER

What is the difference between a gene duplication and gene translocation

A gene duplication means new genetic material is acquired. A gene translocation means there is a new genetic change in the chromosome

Define mutation

A change in an organisms DNA

What are the different types of mutations?

Point, frameshift, chromosomal, and translocation

Define human genome

Entire DNA sequence for humans

How many base pairs are in the human genome

3.2 billion base pairs

Function of the nucleus

Contains the genetic code (DNA for proteins)

What is the function of Ribosomes

Make protein

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Modifies proteins and package it up for transport

Rough ER

Makes proteins and modifies them

What is the function of the cell membrane

Vesicle leaves through the cell membrane

What is the function of the Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Where are vesicles formed by

Golgi apparatus