U4: system DISORDERS

diagnostic tools:

• barium swallow

• endoscopy

barium swallow:

• the patient swallows some barium which is detected on x-rays to check for blockages, aka regions where the barium could not pass to

endoscopy:

• sending a long flexible lighted camera through the body for a live view of digestive tract

• mouth → stomach: upper GI endoscopy

• anus → stomach: lower EI endoscopy aka. a colonoscopy

diarrhea

• causes

• symptoms

• treatment

causes:

• bacterial or viral infection

• spicy food

• lots of alcohol

• ingestion of poisons or drugs

symptoms:

• cramping, dehydration, swift pass of waste material

treatment:

• drink lots of water/liquids → loss of fluid creates dehydration, most cases not serious

• bacterial causes = antibiotics

constipation:

• causes

• symptoms

• treatment

causes:

• irregular eating

• diabetes

• lack of fibre

• obstructions

• over reabsorption of water

symptoms:

• cramping, pain when defecating

treatment:

• laxatives

• eat more fibre

lactose intolerance:

• causes

• symptoms

• treatment

causes:

• a genetic mutation causing deficiency in the amount of lactase in the small intestine, so they cant digest lactose

  • no digestion of lactose means its not split up into glucose and galactose and then absorbed in the small intestine, so it goes into the large instestine where the bacteria complete chemical digestion causing, gas, pain

symptoms:

• diarrhea, cramping, pain

treatment:

• lactaid

infection of the digestive tract:

• causes

• symptoms

• treatment

causes:

• parasites

• virus

  • these can enter after consuming contaminated food/drink

symptoms:

• cramping, diarrhea, comiting

treatment:

• antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals

appendicitis:

• causes

• symptoms

• treatment

causes: bacteria, parasites, virus etc. infect the appendix causing swelling, it bursts and then fecal matter leaks inot the abdominal cavity

symtpoms:

• sharp pain in lower right abdomen

treatments:

• removal of appendix

• anti-biotics, virals, fungals

celiac disease

cause:

• inherited autoimmune disorder that damages the intestinal villi in the SI at 6-18 months

symptoms:

• loss of appetite

• can eat wheat because it damages intestinal villi, causing less absorption of nutrients

treatment:

• gluten free diet

Irritable bowel syndrome

causes:

• increased sensitivity to fatty foods, milk products, alcohol, caffiene

symptoms:

• abdominal pain

• contractions before shitting

treatment:

• avoid aggravating foods

• excercise and relaxation

chrohn’s disease

causes:

• autoimmune system disorder due to a change in bacterial flora in large intestine which causes poor processing of solids

• you get build up of feces

symptoms:

• cramps

• abdominal pain

• chronic inflammation of the digestive tract (usually the illeum)

treatment:

• immunosuppressive and anti-inflammtory drugs

hiatus hernia

• an opening in the diaphragm affects the esophagal spincter’s ability to close, resulting in acid reflux, gas, burping etc.

• treatments: antacids, surgery

peptic ulcer

• 80% of cases caused by bacteria heliobacter pylori

• causes overproduction of hydrochloric acid even when theres no food in the stomach, causes holes in stomach lining

• results in dull pain, nausea, acid reflux

• treatment: anitbiotics, acid blockers

cirrhosis

• wrinkled,scarred land permanent liver damage due to alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and C

• causes fatigue, nausea, swelling and weight loss

• could need a liver transplant if damage is severe, no other cure

diverticulitis

• naturally weak areas in the large intestine that can give out and create marble sized pockets and inflammation

• results in acute pain in area that is inflamed, constipation

• treatment: surgery, bland diet

gallstones (bile and molecule build up)

• when bile builds up and mixes with molecules of cholestrol, dead rbc etc. and solidifies to make gallstones

• causes pain, jaundice, dark pee

• treatment: surgery to remove gallbladder

gastrointestinal cancer (can affect any organ in the digestive system)

causes:

• carcinogens, lifestyle, genetics

treatment:

• radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

diagnosis tools for respiratory disorders:

• x-ray

• CT scan

• ultrasound

• MRI

• spirometer

• electromagnetic radiation used to diagnose most lung disorders

  • white = bone or mass

  • black = air

  • grey = fluid, fat, muscle

• CT scan uses x ray equipment and computers to make pictures of the body

• ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce pictures of the insides of the body

• MRI - uses magnetic field to view internal body structures

• spirometers measure lung capacity and volume

infections of the respiratory system:

• colds/ sinusitis

• laryngitis

• bronchitis

bruh, these infections of the respiratory system is just: virus or bacteria in that area of the respiratory system → and what does infection cause? inflammation!!

pneumonia

lung infection caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi

• it causes inflammation of the lining of the respiratory tract, so pus and muscus accumulate and prevent gas exchange causing shortness of breath

tuberculosis

• caused by airborne bacterial infectio of mycobacterium tuberculosis

• can cough up blood and causes chest pain, weight loss

• take an antibiotic over 6 months

influenza

• caused by the flu virus

• fever, runny nose, infection of respiratory system

asthma

• caused because of an allergic reaction to something in the air

• causes the airway to constrict because of tightened smooth muscle

• medications like inhalers can be taken to help: they can either prevent or relieve asthma symptoms

emphysema

• when bronchioles plug up and alveoli lose their elasticity and shape which reduces gas exchange resulting in low O2 in blood, weakness and tiredness and difficulty breathing

• u can use bronchodilators but its pretty much incurable

• this is caused bc of aging, pollution, smoking

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• when youre overly exposed to pollution

• theres no cure except for a lung transplant

• this causes alveoli to lose their elasticity and shape, air doesnt properly exchange and bronchial tubes become inflamed and narrowed

cystic fibrosis

• genetic, due to autosomal recessive disorder, defective gene for the mucous production in lungs

• causes persistant cough and mucous

• drugs to loosen or remove mucus

obliterative bronchiolitis (popcorn lung)

due to inflammation and scar tissue from inhaling chemicals that damage the bronchioles and alveoli

there no cure, you can only try to reduce symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath

congenital lung defects

• when you have a hernia aka a hole in your diaphragm as a baby in development causing the digestive system to fall into thoracic cavity, resulting int he lungs being much smaller

• this baby cant breathe a a lung transplant could be the only option

Anemia

• Caused by a lack of red blood cells, low hematocrit or hemoglobin levels 

  • Further causes: 

    • iron deficiency → iron is needed for hemoglobin production 

    • Vitamin B12 → necessary for RBC formation 

    • Blood loss: menstruation, internal bleeding, injury 

    • Genetics and chronic diseases (ex. Kidney disease and cancer)

• This lack of red blood cells impairs the body’s ability to deliver oxygen causing shortness of breath, fatigue, fainting and cold extremities 

• This can be treat via supplements of iron and vitamin B12, blood transfusions in severe cases 

sickle cell anemia

• genetic disorder that affects the shape of the hemoglobin causing them to be deformed and have a sickle shape bc of a single change in the nucleotide sequence that produces hemoglobin

• this shape is less efficient at carrying oxygen, can cause blockages and makes your spleen work overtime

hemophilia

• genetic disorder that impacts your blood clotting response, making you lose excessive blood during injuries bc you lack the blood clotting proteins

• you can get synthetic clotting factors, blood transfusion and replacement therapy

varicose veins

• visible throbbing viens that usually occur on the legs due to prolonged hypertension

  • lots of high blood pressure weakens the arteries and vein valves and walls

• when veins valves are weak or damaged, blood can pool creating protruding, stretched veins

• they often appear in the legs because they hold most of the bodys weight and the blood must fight gravity to return to the heart

• can be treated using sclerotherapy and laser therapy

hypertension

• high blood pressure can be genetic and also lifestyle related

• it makes your heart work harder to pump more blood and also damaged your arterial walls

• theres a lot of resistance in your blood vessels that can be due to plaque buildup! plaque is cholestrol and lipid buildup due to diet and inactivity

hypotension

• low blood pressure is genetic or it could be because of extreme blood loss in an area

• you need to clot the blood

• it can cause dizziness, fainting, blurry vision and shock

occlusions

these are blockages of blood vessels due to cholesterol and lipids and they have stages!!

1. atherosclerosis: this is jsut the buildup of plaque drom cholesterol and lipids

2. ateriosclerosis: when the plaque solidifies and it forms a hard coating on the inside of your vessels restricting blood flow and increasing blood pressure

depending on where the occlusion occurs, it could result in appendage loss or a myocardial infarction because its blocking blood from reaching those areas

Deep vein thrombosis DVT

• this is when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, blocking blood flow

• these clots can be localized or delocalized: localized clots can be dealt with through removal or blood thinners, but deloclized ones can travel and block other veins causing aneurysms (if it goes to the brain) or cause a pulmonary embolism if it travels to the lungs

aneurysm

• is a weakened artery wall that bulges out

• if ruptured, it can cause internal bleeding and death

• it can rupture due to high blood pressure, weakness in artery walls, genetics, trauma

stroke

• strokes occur when not enough oxygen reaches the brain, this can be due to blockages or ruptured vessels

• ischemic stroke: when there is a blockage that prevents blood and oxygen from reaching a part of the brain

  • these can be treated with blood thinners

• hemmorhagic strokes: usually due to trauma which causes a blood vessel to rupture and causes bleeding in the brain

  • these need to be treated by clothing the area immediately

congential heart defect

• This means defects of the heart that occur at birth 

• For example septal defects which produce a hole in the heart ⇒ this allows for the backflow of the blood creating inefficiencies and also allowing waste to be delivered back to the cells

  • Septal defects can be fixed with plugs that block the hole

  • The symptoms: heart murmur

• Heart valve defects: are when the valves don't close completely or open completely allowing for backflow of blood and reducing the efficiency of the heart 

  • Symptoms could include heart murmur which is a swishing sound when the heart beats due to backflow

sinus node dysfunction

• is when the sinoatrial node doesnt properly send signals at regular intervals

• so individuals with a sinus node dysfunction get pacemakes to properly control their heart beat and atrial contractions

coronary artery disease CAD

• If a blockage occurs in the coronary arteries delivering oxygenated blood to the heart, there will be a reduced blood supply to the heart causing tissue and muscle death in that area 

• This can result in a heart attack (myocardial infarction)

  • Complete blockage of a coronary artery, stopping blood flow to heart muscle.

• Treatment for CAD:

  • Medications (blood thinners, statins).

  • Angioplasty + stent placement (opens blocked artery).

  • Bypass surgery (creates a new route for blood flow).