NCT

What does AP stand for?

Anterior to Posterior

What does PA stand for?

Posterior to Anterior

What is a lateral view?

A side view of the body part.

What is an oblique view?

An angled projection of the body part.

What angle are most oblique views?

45°

Which body part uses a 30° oblique instead of 45°?

The foot.

Standard SID for most x-rays?

40 inches

Standard SID for chest x-rays?

72 inches

Why is a 72-inch SID used for chest x-rays?

Reduces heart magnification and improves image quality.

What does SID stand for?

Source to Image Distance.

What does OID stand for?

Object to Image Distance.

What is FFD?

Focal Film Distance (same concept as SID).

What does mAs control?

Image density (overall darkness).

Increasing mAs makes the image…?

Darker.

Decreasing mAs makes the image…?

Lighter.

What does kVp control?

Contrast and penetration.

High kVp produces what type of contrast?

Long-scale contrast (more shades of gray).

Low kVp produces what type of contrast?

Short-scale contrast (black and white).

What is image density?

Overall darkness of the radiograph.

What is image contrast?

Difference between black, white, and gray.

What are the three principles of radiation protection?

Time, Distance, Shielding.

What does ALARA stand for?

As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

What protects patients from radiation?

Lead shielding/aprons.

What is a Bucky?

A moving grid that reduces scatter radiation.

When should a Bucky be used?

Body parts 10 cm or thicker.

What is scatter radiation?

Radiation that changes direction after hitting the patient.

What percentage of x-ray production becomes heat?

98%

What percentage becomes x-rays?

2%

What is ionization?

When an atom gains or loses an electron.

Difference between CR and DR?

CR uses cassettes and is slower; DR is cassette-less and faster.

What is the Inverse Square Law?

Beam intensity decreases as distance increases.

If SID increases, beam intensity…?

Decreases.

If SID decreases, beam intensity…?

Increases.

What views are taken for a finger?

PA, Oblique, Lateral.

What views are taken for the thumb?

AP, Natural Oblique, Lateral.

What views are taken for the hand?

PA, Oblique, Lateral.

What views are taken for the wrist?

PA, Oblique, Lateral.

Where is the wrist centered?

Across the wrist joint.

What views are taken for the forearm?

AP and Lateral.

What must be included on a forearm x-ray?

Wrist and elbow joints.

What views are taken for the elbow?

AP and Lateral.

Where is the elbow centered?

At the elbow crease.

What views are taken for the humerus?

AP and Lateral.

What must be included on a humerus x-ray?

Shoulder and elbow joints.

AP humerus position?

Arm abducted, palm facing forward.

Lateral humerus position?

Arm up, palm up.

Trauma humerus position?

Hand on stomach.

What views are taken for the shoulder?

AP Internal and AP External.

AP internal shoulder position?

Hand on stomach.

AP external shoulder position?

Palm out, arm away from body.

What views are taken for the clavicle?

AP and AP Axial.

Clavicle axial angle?

15–30° cephalic.

What views are taken for the scapula?

AP and Lateral.

Scapular lateral rotation?

45–60°.

What views are taken for the foot?

AP, Oblique, Lateral.

AP foot angle?

10° cephalic.

Foot oblique angle?

30° medial.

Foot lateral position?

Foot at 90°.

What views are taken for the ankle?

AP, Oblique, Lateral.

Ankle oblique angle?

45°.

What views are taken for the tib/fib?

AP and Lateral.

What must be included on a tib/fib x-ray?

Knee and ankle.

What views are taken for the knee?

AP and Lateral.

Where is the knee centered?

Patella.

What should be included on a knee x-ray?

Distal femur and proximal tib/fib.

PA chest position?

Face the bucky, chin up, shoulders rolled forward.

PA chest breathing instruction?

Deep inspiration and hold.

Left lateral chest position?

Left side against bucky, arms overhead.

Upper ribs breathing?

Inspiration.

Lower ribs breathing?

Expiration.

Upper rib cassette placement?

1.5 inches above relaxed shoulders.

Lower rib cassette placement?

Bottom at iliac crest.

What is Water's View?

Parietoacanthial projection for facial bones and sinuses.

What is Water's View used for?

Maxillary sinuses, facial bones, zygomatic arches, orbits.

Water's View patient position?

Face IR, chin up, neck extended.

Water's View CR exits where?

Acanthion.

Water's View OML angle?

Approximately 37° to the image receptor.

Water's View should demonstrate what?

Petrous ridges below the maxillary sinuses.

How many bones are in the skull?

22

How many bones form the orbit?

7

What is the glabella?

Smooth area between the eyebrows.

What is the nasion?

Bridge of the nose.

What is the acanthion?

Midline point at the base of the anterior nasal spine.

What is the EAM?

External Auditory Meatus.

What does EAM stand for?

External Auditory Meatus.

What is the infraorbital margin?

The lower rim of the eye socket.

Radius is on which side?

Thumb side.

Ulna is on which side?

Pinky side.

Which bone bears most body weight?

Tibia.

Which lower leg bone is smaller?

Fibula.

Ball-and-socket joint examples?

Shoulder and hip.

Hinge joint examples?

Elbow and knee.

Pivot joint examples?

Neck and forearm.