APUSH TERMS

Maize Cultivation

Supported economic growth among Pueblo Indians.

Pueblo Indians

Native Americans in the Southwest, maize cultivators.

Great Plains Societies

Mobile hunter-gatherers due to resource scarcity.

Iroquois

Northeast tribes practicing agriculture and hunting.

Encomienda

Spanish labor system exploiting Native Americans.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between worlds.

African Slavery

Forced labor system impacting economic development.

Spanish Exploration

Led to disease spread and mixed populations.

Joint Stock Companies

Organized method for international trade investment.

Plantation Agriculture

Supported by Indian labor under encomienda system.

Population Growth

Stimulated by new crops like potatoes and corn.

Feudalism to Capitalism

Economic shift in Europe during exploration era.

Juan de Sepúlveda

Argued for Spanish superiority over natives.

White Superiority Beliefs

Justified subjugation of Africans and Indigenous peoples.

Pueblo Revolt

Native uprising against Spanish colonial rule.

Anglicization

Colonial adaptation to English cultural norms.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism.

Bacon's Rebellion

Conflict over land and governance in Virginia.

Stono Rebellion

Slave uprising in South Carolina, 1739.

Barbados Codes

Laws regulating slavery in the Caribbean.

Maroon Communities

African groups preserving culture in Brazil and Caribbean.

New England Industries

Fishing, shipbuilding, and small farms diversified economy.

Rhode Island

Founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom.

Middle Colonies

Ethnically diverse; known for wheat production.

Chesapeake

Tobacco cultivation relied on slavery and indentured servants.

Deep South

Long growing seasons supported plantation agriculture and slavery.

Chickasaw Wars

Conflict reflecting European tensions in North America.

Triangle Trade

Exchange of goods between New World and Europe.

Molasses Act (1733)

Divergence of colonial and European leaders' interests.

Metacom's War

Conflict between Native Americans and New England settlers.

Pueblo Revolt

Spanish accommodation of Indians post-revolt contrasted with British.

Alcohol and Guns

Spread destructiveness among Native American populations.

Navigation Acts

Regulated colonial trade to benefit British economy.

Mercantilism

Economic theory prioritizing trade surplus for nations.

The Enlightenment

Promoted ideas of independence and resistance to control.

Great Awakening

Religious revival contributing to colonial unity.

Albany Conference

1754 meeting to discuss colonial defense strategies.

Proclamation of 1763

Restricted colonial expansion westward after French-Indian War.

Iroquois Confederation

Alliance of Native American tribes for mutual defense.

Stamp Act

Tax on printed materials, igniting colonial protests.

Coercive Acts

Punitive measures against Massachusetts following Boston Tea Party.

Sons of Liberty

Group opposing British taxation and policies.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point in the Revolutionary War, boosted morale.

George Washington's Farewell Address

Advised against political parties and foreign alliances.

French and Indian War

Conflict over North American territory between Britain and France.

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for independence.

Declaration of Independence

Document asserting American colonies' freedom from Britain.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document, revealed weaknesses in central authority.

Constitution

Framework for U.S. government established in 1787.

Federalist Papers

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.

Northwest Ordinance

Established governance for Northwest Territory and statehood process.

Republican Motherhood

Ideology emphasizing women's role in educating citizens.

Adam Smith

Economist advocating for merit over hereditary privilege.

John Locke

Philosopher promoting natural rights in government.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political statements opposing federal Alien and Sedition Acts.

Hamilton's Economic Plan

Proposed federal assumption of state debts and tariffs.

Constitutional Ratification

Debate between anti-Federalists and Federalists over governance.

Shays' Rebellion

Uprising highlighting weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Jay's Treaty

Agreement resolving issues with Britain post-Revolution.

Pinckney's Treaty

Agreement with Spain granting U.S. navigation rights.

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

First political party system in the U.S.

Influence of Revolution

Inspired independence movements in France, Haiti, and Latin America.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement emphasizing personal faith.

Market Revolution

Transformation in economy due to industrialization and transportation.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition doubling U.S. territory from France.

Missouri Compromise

Legislation balancing slave and free states.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh U.S. President known for populism and Indian removal.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposal to limit slavery in Missouri Territory.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case affirming federal supremacy over states.

Embargo

Official ban on trade with specific countries.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in 1848.

Justification of slavery

Rationale used to defend slavery practices.

American Colonization Society

Group advocating for resettlement of freed slaves.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law facilitating Native American relocation.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party opposing immigration in the 1850s.

Hudson River School

Art movement focused on American landscapes.

Slave Music

Cultural expression of enslaved African Americans.

Steel Plow

Agricultural innovation by John Deere for farming.

Interchangeable parts

Manufacturing system by Eli Whitney for efficiency.

Lowell Girls

Young women working in textile mills in Lowell.

American System

Economic plan promoting national bank and infrastructure.

Transportation Revolution

Significant improvements in transportation methods.

Political ramifications of slavery

Impact of slavery on political landscape of South.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideology emphasizing women's roles in home.

Market Revolution

Transformation in economy and women's roles.

Bank of USA

Central bank influencing sectional economic interests.

Nullification crisis

Conflict over state vs federal authority in 1832.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy opposing European colonialism in Americas.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists opposing War of 1812.

Henry Clay

Prominent politician known for compromises.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in American expansion across the continent.

Mexican War

Conflict resulting from territorial disputes with Mexico.

Civil War

Conflict between North and South over slavery.

Nativism

Preference for native-born citizens over immigrants.

Abolitionists

Activists advocating for the end of slavery.

Nullification

State's right to invalidate federal laws.

Compromise of 1850

Series of laws addressing slavery and territory.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law allowing territories to decide on slavery.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling denying citizenship to slaves.