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Enzymes
Globular proteins acting as catalysts in reactions.
Catalysts
Substances speeding up reactions without permanent change.
Metabolism
Network of interdependent chemical reactions in organisms.
Enzyme Specificity
Each enzyme catalyses one specific chemical reaction.
Anabolism
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.
Catabolism
Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.
Active Site
Region where substrates bind for catalysis.
Substrates
Reactants in enzyme-catalysed reactions.
Induced Fit Model
Substrate induces shape change in enzyme's active site.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Formed when substrate fits into active site.
Collision Theory
Reactions occur when particles collide with energy.
Temperature Effect
Higher temperature increases particle movement and collisions.
Substrate Concentration
Increased concentration raises collision likelihood.
Denaturation
Permanent shape change in proteins, losing function.
Enzyme Stability
Maintained by immobilization and environmental conditions.
Anabolic Examples
Protein synthesis, glycogen formation, photosynthesis.
Catabolic Examples
Digestion and oxidation in respiration.
Three-Dimensional Structure
Determines enzyme's active site properties.
Amino Acids in Active Site
Few amino acids ensure catalytic properties.
Enzyme Control
Metabolism regulated through enzyme activity.
Molecular Motion
Movement needed for substrate-active site collisions.
Immobilization of Enzymes
Enzymes fixed in membranes for stability.
Chemical Reaction Rate
Increased by more frequent substrate-active site collisions.
Graph Interpretation
Understanding variable relationships through experimental results.
Biological Models
Sketch graphs represent biological relationships.
Enzyme Activity Factors
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect rates.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down macromolecules into monomers.
Condensation Reactions
Formation of macromolecules from monomers.
Enzyme Activity
Rate of reaction influenced by environmental factors.
Optimum Temperature
Temperature at which enzyme activity is maximal.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of particles affecting reaction rates.
pH
Measure of acidity or alkalinity in solutions.
Optimum pH
pH level where enzyme activity peaks.
Saturation Point
Point where all active sites are occupied.
Activation Energy
Minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur.
Intracellular Enzymes
Enzymes active within their producing cells.
Extracellular Enzymes
Enzymes functioning outside their producing cells.
Glycolysis
Linear metabolic pathway in cellular respiration.
Krebs Cycle
Cyclic metabolic pathway in cellular respiration.
Calvin Cycle
Cyclic pathway in photosynthesis for carbon fixation.
Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitor competes with substrate for active site.
Non-Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitor binds to allosteric site, altering enzyme.
Heat Generation
Byproduct of metabolic reactions, maintaining temperature.
Endotherms
Animals maintaining constant body temperature internally.
Exocytosis
Process of releasing substances from cells.
Enzyme Inhibitors
Chemicals that decrease enzyme activity.
Gradient Calculation
Method to determine reaction rate from graphs.
Energy Yield
Energy released during bond formation in products.
Substrate Binding
Interaction between substrate and enzyme's active site.
Scientific Models
Representations used to hypothesize enzyme activity.
pH Effect
Impact of pH changes on enzyme shape and function.
Non-Competitive Inhibitors
Bind to allosteric site, altering enzyme activity.
Competitive Inhibitors
Compete with substrate for enzyme's active site.
Allosteric Site
Site on enzyme where non-competitive inhibitors bind.
Statins
Drugs that lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase.
HMG-CoA Reductase
Enzyme converting HMG-CoA to Mevalonic acid.
Mevalonic Acid
Intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
End Product Inhibition
Final product inhibits first enzyme in pathway.
Threonine Deaminase
Enzyme converting threonine to isoleucine.
Isoleucine
End product inhibitor of threonine deaminase.
Penicillin
Antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Transpeptidases
Enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall construction.
Mechanism-Based Inhibitors
Covalently bond to active site, irreversibly inhibiting enzymes.
Reaction Rate
Speed at which substrate is converted to product.
Reversible Binding
Inhibitor can detach from enzyme, restoring activity.
Irreversible Binding
Inhibitor permanently attaches, preventing substrate binding.
Cholesterol Biosynthesis
Metabolic pathway producing cholesterol in the liver.
Bacterial Resistance
Bacteria evolve to withstand effects of antibiotics.
Feedback Inhibition
Regulation where end product inhibits earlier pathway steps.
Shape and Chemistry
Structural compatibility of inhibitors with substrates.
Enzyme Catalysis
Process of accelerating biochemical reactions by enzymes.
Conformational Changes
Alterations in enzyme shape affecting function.
Biochemical Pathway
Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in metabolism.
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