Psych Exam Part 2

cephacoadual development

developing from head to tail

basic to specialized development

development progresses from simple, gneral skills to more complex, specfic skills

in order of importance development

developmental milestones genrally occur in a predictible sequence

what weeks are the zygotic/germinal period

weeks 1-2

what happens in the zygotic/germinal period

fertilzation occurs implantation in uterine wall placenta begins to develop rapid cell divison begins

what weeks are the embryonic period

weeks 3-8

what happens in the embryonic period

most things are created, major organs begin forming, heart starts beating, brain + nervous develops, skin begins to form, cell differentation occurs

ectoderm germ layer

skin + nervous system

mesoderm germ layer

muscles, bones, blood, connective tissues

endoderm germ layer

digestive + resipiratory systems + related organs

what is the fetal period

week 9 - birth

what happens in the fetal period

“growth + finishing”, organs + body systems continue to mature, rapid growth in size, weight + physical development, preperartion for fucntioning outside of womb

what months are the first trimester

months 0-3

what happens in the first trimester

zygote>emybro > beginning of fetal period major organs + body structures begin developing

common symptoms during first trimester

fatigue/tirerdness, nausea, feeling ill, faintness/dizziness

what months are the second trimester

months 4-6

what happens in the second trimester

primarly fetal period, quickening happes which is the first notiecable fetal moments

what are the symptonms of second trimester

morning sickness often decreases

what months are the third trimester

months 7-9

what happens during the third trimster

rapid grown + maturation of fetus

symptoms of third trimester

backaches, cramping, insomnia, frequent urination, numbess/tingling + sciatica

fertilzation

sperm + egg combine to form a zygote; marks the beginning of prenatal development

implanation

the developing zyogte attaches to the lining of the uterus; marks the end of the zygotic/germinal period

when does the fastest growth

occurs during embryonic stage where major structures like brain + nervous sytem are created

what is the neural tube and when does it close?

an embyonic structure that develops into the brain + spinal cord. closes at week 4

when does the heart start developing?

weeks 4-5

what is the embryonic heart rate

110-180 bpm

when do the hands develop

weeks 4-8

apoptosis

programmed cell death which helps seperate the building

when does the face start developing

weeks 7-8

when is the yolk sac still visible

weeks 8-9, may still be visbile as a “halo” during early development

when is the anatomy ultrasound performed

18-22

birth plan

document describing a person’s prefrences for labor, delivery, pain management + newborn care

anoxia

a condition in which the baby experiences insufficent oxygen, which can potentailly cause brain or oxygen damage

breech birth

a birth in which the baby is positioned feet or buttocks first instead of head first

Rh factor incompatibility

a condition that can occur when the mother is Rh-negative + the fetus is Rh-postive, potentially causing the mother’s immune system to produce antibodies against fetal red blood cells

what is considered a low birth weight

birth weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lbs 8 oz)

when is a preterm birth

birth that occurs before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy

what is an argument for hospital births

sterile enviroment, more medical equipment, epidurals are benefical for mothers + low risk for babies

true or false: 2/3rd of home births are attneded by midwves that are not properly certified

true

true or false: babies are 4 times more likely to die when delievered by midwives at home

true

arguments for home births

epidurals can carry more risks,sucessful in other parts of the world

true or false: c sections are used twice as often as what would be medically necessary

true

true or false: the more interventions, the less risk you have of side effects of those interventions

false: The more interventions, the more risk you have of side effects of those interventions

true or false: for low-risk pregnancies, it many be safer to have birht at home where risk of infection is lower than it is in the hosptial

true

teratogens explained

enviromental substance, crosses placenta + harms the fetus

factors that affect teratogen damage

dose, herdity/gentics + age or timing of expose

dose-response effect

generaly, greater exposure to a teratogen is assoicated w/ greater risk of harmful effects

what affects does alcohol have during preganacy

interferes with brain + nervous-system development

true or false: you can drink a little bit of alc and your baby will be okay

false: not established safe amount of alc during preganncy

maternal stress affects on pregnancy

Stress-related physiological changes may affect blood flow and oxygen availability to the fetus.

what affect does older eggs have on pregancy

As women age, eggs are more likely to have chromosomal abnormalities, increasing the risk of miscarriage and certain genetic conditions.

23 weeks

11 inch, 1 lb, lung blood vessels developing; little fat; viability

24 weeks

12 inch, 1.33 lb, alveoli + lung cells developing

25

13.5 inches, 1.5 lb, contiuned growth + lung/brain development

true or false: gestational age increases, the chances of survival improve and the risk of severe complications decreases

true

true or false: extremely preterm infants have increased risk of long-term developmental, neuroglical, sensory + physical disabilites

true

isolette

A temperature-controlled incubator that helps a premature infant maintain body temperature and protects the baby from infection and excessive stimulation.

respirator

A machine that helps a premature infant breathe when the lungs are not developed enough to function adequately on their own.

special infant stimulation

Careful sensory stimulation designed to support development and regulation while avoiding overwhelming the premature infant

kangaroo care

Skin-to-skin contact between a premature infant and a parent. It can help support temperature regulation, bonding, and physiological stability.

taste prefences in newborns

pleased by sweet tastes, frowns at bitter tastes

smell prefrences in newborns

grimace to semll of bitter, pleased by more pleasant/familar smells

proprioception

your body's ability to sense its own position, movement, and force in space without needing to look

audtory preferences in newborn

human voice, higher pitch

visual prefences in newborn

stripes, checkers, curved lines (faces), 3D moving object

true or false: young children look at parts of something not the whole picture

true: leads to probelms in school

true or false: young children can isolate sounds in noisy enviroments

false: they can’t isolate noises

vision is middle adulthood

acuity/depth perception declines

presbyopia

focusing up close

presbycusis

high ptich perception declines

vision in late adulthood

pupils shrink, optic nerve becomes less efficent

hearing in late adulthjood - 30% lost by…

75

hearing in late adulthjood - 50% lost by…

over 75

true or false: rapid growth in the first year, slows down

true

what drives brain development

experience

when is muscle added prentally

mostly during the last few weeks before birth

when does muscle growth peak in infancy

around 9 months

which gender has more muscle in infancy

girls

how is muscle added during childhood

slowly

what happens to children’s body shape from ages 2-8

they become slimmer

at age 8, who adds more fat to the arms, legs, and trunk

girl

who adds much more muscle during adolscence

boys

what happens to girls’ body fat during adolsence

girls add fat

what happens to boys’ body fat during adolesence

boys lose fat

why are girls sometimes taller than boys during middle childhood

girls begin their growth spurt earlier

who has greater height increases during puberty

boys

why do boys end up having greater height increases during puberty

their growth spurt in generally large

where are some of the shortest children found

south america, asia, pacific islands + parts of africa

where are some of the tallest children found

northern/central europe, australia, canda, + united states

true or false: slender bodies are more typical in cold climates

false: slender bodies are more tpyical in hot climates

what allows a person to reach their genetic potential

proper enviromental conditions, inlcuding nutirtion + health

what controls puberty

hormones

what type of system controls puberty

hormonal feedback loop

what is the first major physical change of puberty

growth spurt

what are the 5 major changes during puberty

growth spurt, primary sex characterstics, secondary sex charactestics, cahnges in fat/muscle ratio, changes in curclation + respiration

primary sex characterstics

changes directly related to repoduction + reprodcutive organs

secondary sex characterstics

physical changes that distinigush males + females but aren’t directnly inlvoed in repodruction

what is menarche

a girl’s first mnestrual period

how does nutiriton affect menarche

better nutirtion is genrally assoication w/ earlier menarche