General Biology 1 Lecture Refresh: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the characteristics, structures, domains, and kingdoms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as presented in the General Biology 1 Week 2 lecture.

Cellular Hierarchy

The structural organization of life ranging from Cells (least complex) to Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, and finally Organisms (most complex).

Four Common Components of All Cells

The four shared features across all cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.

Prokaryotic Cell Diameter

The relative size of a prokaryote, ranging from $0.1 \times 10^{-6}\,m$ to $5.0 \times 10^{-6}\,m$ ($0.1\, \text{--}\, 5.0\,μ\text{m}$).

Eukaryotic Cell Diameter

The relative size of a eukaryote, ranging from $10 \times 10^{-6}\,m$ to $100 \times 10^{-6}\,m$ ($10\, \text{--}\, 100\,μ\text{m}$).

Nucleoid

The space within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic information called genophore (DNA) is found.

Prokaryote

Derived from 'pro' meaning 'before' and 'karyon' meaning 'nucleus'; a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Glycocalyx

A layer that functions as a receptor and adhesive while providing protection to the cell wall; it is called a Capsule if compact and a Slime Wall if diffuse.

Pilus

A hair-like hollow attachment on the surface of bacteria used to transfer DNA to other cells.

Mesosomes

Extension of the cell membrane used specifically for $DNA$ replication.

Flagellum

An appendage attached to the basal body of the cell that helps in movement.

Fimbriae (Attachment)

Small hair-like structures that help in attachment to surfaces and other bacteria during mating.

Inclusion/Granules

Particles that help in the storage of carbohydrates, glycogen, phosphate, and fats.

Fimbriae (Protein Synthesis)

Tiny particles described in the transcript as helping in protein synthesis.

Archaea

A domain of prokaryotes whose name comes from the Greek 'Archaios' (ancient or primitive), often containing extremophiles with strong cell walls.

Pyrolobus fumarii

A species of Archaea found in hydrothermal vents that holds the upper temperature limit for life at $113\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ ($235\,^{\circ}\text{F}$).

Acidophilic

An extremophile that thrives in environments with a pH between $1$ and $5$.

Alkaliphilic

An extremophile that thrives in environments with a pH above $9$.

Halophilic

An extremophile that thrives in environments with high salinity.

Thermophilic

An extremophile that thrives in temperatures between $60\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and $80\,^{\circ}\text{C}$.

Hyperthermophilic

An extremophile that thrives in temperatures above $80\,^{\circ}\text{C}$.

Eubacteria

Derived from the Greek 'Eu' (true or good), these 'true bacteria' have permeable cell walls and decompose dead organisms to recycle nutrients.

Cocci

The sphere-shaped basic category of bacterial cells.

Bacilli

The rod-shaped basic category of bacterial cells.

Spirochetes

The spiral-shaped basic category of bacterial cells.

Gram-negative Bacteria

Harmful bacteria with a hard, protective outer shell that makes them more resistant to antibiotics.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with a clearly defined nucleus and membrane-bound compartments called organelles, derived from 'Eu' (true) and 'karyon' (nucleus).

Kingdom Plantae

A eukaryotic kingdom containing cell walls and specialized reproductive tissue.

Kingdom Animalia

A eukaryotic kingdom characterized by the lack of cell walls, capability of locomotion, and possession of a digestive tract.

Kingdom Fungi

A eukaryotic kingdom that digests food externally and absorbs it through cell walls.

Kingdom Protist

A eukaryotic kingdom of single-celled motile organisms that can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic.

Prokaryotic Cell Division

A process utilizing fission or budding.

Eukaryotic Cell Division

A process utilizing meiosis or mitosis.