catabolism
break down molecules
anabolism
building up complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
metabolism
balance between catabolism and anabolism
electron transport chain
used to create a proton gradient • coupled transport • movement (power flagella) • make ATP
substrate level phosphorylation
• going from one substrate to another, generating ATP • make ATP based on substrate • Krebs and glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
• redox reactions • moving e- via ETC & forming ATP
organo
organic molecules as e- donors for energy
litho
inorganic molecules as e- donors for energy
chemo
chemical reactions yield energy without absorbing light
photo
light reactions yield energy
respiration
• oxidation of e- donors • the oxidant becomes reduced (pulls e- from something else) • using something as a terminal electron acceptor to create a proton gradient
terminal electron acceptor
chemical that is reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration (TEA)
aerobic respiration
uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration
uses something other than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
assimilation
incorporation of materials into biomass
dissimilation
used to make energy
examples of dissimilation
• nitrate reduction • sulfate reduction • iron reduction • methanogenesis
examples of assimilation
• amino acid biosynthesis • carbon fixation
hydrogenotrophy
• the use of molecular hydrogen as an electron donor • creates Na+ gradient (used similarly to H+ gradient)
methanogenesis
CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O • need lack of O2 gas
bacteriorhodopsin and proteorhodopsin
pigments in bacteria used to create H+ gradient → ATP
cyanobacteria
can do photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation
RuBP carboxylase
• enzyme that starts the Calvin cycle • most prevalent enzyme on the planet
reverse TCA cycle
uses ATP to make oxaloacetate/acetyl CoA and fix carbon
denitrification
NO3/NO2 → N2
nitrification
NH4+ → NO3/NO2
molybdenum
nitrogenase's cofactor
dealing with oxygen
• make enzymes to protect • make heterocysts • fix N2 at night
homolactic fermentation
glucose → pyruvate → lactic acid (cheese + sausage)
heterolactic fermentation
pyruvate → lactic acid + ethanol + CO2 (sauerkraut/or any vegetable)
ethanolic fermentation
pyruvate → ethanol + CO2 (bread and alcohol)
curd
a soft, white substance formed when milk sours, used as the basis for cheese
whey
the watery part of milk that remains after the formation of curds
norovirus
• most common cause of diarrhea • lasts 1-2 days • vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain; headache and low-grade fever
salmonella
• most common food-borne cause of death • gastrointestinal disease that includes diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps last in 4-7 days • fatal cases most common in immunocompromised patients
campylobacter
• usually causes severe bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps lasting 7 days • fatal cases most common in immunocompromised patients
E. coli O157:H7
• usually causes severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps lasting 5-7 days • ~5% develop hemolytic uremic syndrome, in which red blood cells are destroyed and the kidneys fail
clostridium botulinum
botulinum toxin causes progressive paralysis with blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and muscle weakness
saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's and brewer's yeast
embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway
another name for glycolysis
glycolysis input
glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
glycolysis output
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (net 2), 2 NADH
entner-doudoroff input
sugar, 1 ATP
entner-doudoroff pathway
• produces NADPH and ATP • does not involve glycolysis
entner-doudoroff output
2 ATP (net 1), NADH, NADPH, 2 pyruvate
pentose phosphate input
glucose
pentose phosphate pathway
a metabolic process that produces ribulose-5-phosphate for biosynthesis
glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
pentose phosphate output
ribulose-5-phosphate, 1 ATP (net), NADPH, 1 CO2
fermentation purpose
• regenerate NAD+ • remove pyruvate (if too much accumulates, shuts off glycolysis) • does NOT make ATP directly • independent of oxygen
krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
krebs input
acetyl CoA/pyruvate
krebs output
3 CO2, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (GTP)
krebs purpose
• get rid of pyruvate (in the form of CO2) • allows for production of more energy • making NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)
calvin cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as G3P
calvin cycle input
3 CO2, ATP, NADPH
calvin cycle output
G3P
reverse TCA input
CO2 and 4-5 ATP
reverse TCA output
oxaloacetate or acetyl CoA (gluconeogenesis)
nitrogen fixation
N2 → NH4+/NH3
actetyl coA pathway
2 CO2 → acetyl coA
food spoilage
• acidity → sour taste • rancidity • putrefaction • alkalinity → bitter taste • toxic pathogens → food poisoning
rancidity
oxidation of fats
putrefaction
protein breakdown
fermentation benefits
• prebiotic/probiotic • better preservation • removes infectious microbes • easier to digest (pre-chewed) • more nutrients available
curd formation
• fermentation by bacteria and/or rennet (enzymes) • ↓ pH → proteolytic cleavage → firm/solid • ↓ pH → kills microbes
pasteurization
milk: 63°C for 30 min, quick cool to 4°C
canning
food preservation method in which food is cooked under pressure to attain temperature high enough to destroy endospores (~121°C)
dehydration methods
• freezing • drying • freeze-dry • salting • sugars (drying out fruits)
industrial microbiology
• use of microbes to manufacture things such as vaccines/drugs, human proteins, and organic compounds • cost effective • large scale production • easy to harvest • safe (non-disease causing)
pyruvate to ethanol
pyruvic acid → acetaldehyde (CO2 byproduct) → ethanol (NADH → NAD+)
pyruvate to lactic acid
pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
pyruvate to acetic acid
pyruvic acid → acetyl coA → acetic acid + coA
alkaline fermentation
• ↑ protein foods • ↑ pH • mostly release of NH3 (break down fats and proteins)