L13-Dipole-dipole-forces

What is electronegativity?

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond.

How does electronegativity change across a period?

Electronegativity increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge and decreasing atomic radius.

What are the three factors that affect electronegativity?

1. Nuclear charge, 2) Atomic radius, 3) Shielding effect.

What is a permanent dipole?

A permanent dipole occurs when there is a permanent charge difference between bonded atoms, resulting from their difference in electronegativity.

Which molecule has a higher boiling point: HCl or F2, and why?

HCl has a higher boiling point because it possesses permanent dipole-dipole attractions in addition to London dispersion forces, while F2 only has London dispersion forces.

What is the pattern observed in Pauling's electronegativity scale?

Fluorine is the most electronegative element, while francium is the least electronegative.

Why do larger atoms generally have lower electronegativity?

Larger atoms have increased atomic radius and greater shielding, which reduces the nucleus's ability to attract the bonding pair of electrons.

What determines whether a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?

A covalent bond is polar if the atoms have different electronegativities; it is nonpolar if the atoms are identical or the electronegativities are very similar.

How do you identify a polar molecule?

A polar molecule has regions of differing electronegativity, resulting in a permanent dipole; if the molecule is symmetrical, the dipoles cancel and it is nonpolar.

Which atoms typically have high electronegativity?

Fluorine,Oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine are examples of very electronegative elements.