last anatomy

What is peritonitis in the pelvic context?

Infection of the peritoneum often spreading from vagina, uterus, or uterine tubes

What is salpingitis?

Inflammation of the uterine tubes; major cause of infertility

What is an ectopic tubal pregnancy?

Implantation of embryo in uterine tube, usually in ampulla

Why is a ruptured tubal pregnancy dangerous?

Can mimic appendicitis pain; fatal to embryo and life-threatening to mother

What is the shape and support of the ovaries?

Almond-shaped; supported by broad, ovarian, and suspensory ligaments

What supplies blood to the ovaries?

Ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta; anastomose with uterine artery

What is the perineum?

Diamond-shaped area between thighs, inferior to pelvic cavity

What are the boundaries of the perineum?

Ischial tuberosities (lateral), pubic symphysis (anterior), coccyx (posterior)

What are the two perineal triangles?

Urogenital (anterior) and anal (posterior)

What is the perineal membrane?

Thick fascia in urogenital triangle

What is the perineal body?

Fibromuscular mass between urogenital and anal regions; key muscle attachment

What is the ischioanal fossa?

Fat-filled wedge-shaped space allowing expansion of anal canal

What is the function of the anal canal?

Conducts feces from rectum to exterior

What controls the anal canal?

Internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters

What is the internal anal sphincter?

Smooth muscle; involuntary; controlled by autonomic nerves

What is the external anal sphincter?

Skeletal muscle; voluntary; innervated by inferior rectal nerve

What is the pectinate line?

Boundary between visceral (superior) and somatic (inferior) regions of anal canal

What is the difference above vs below pectinate line?

Above: visceral, autonomic, portal drainage; Below: somatic, pain-sensitive, systemic drainage

What is an ischioanal abscess?

Infection in ischioanal fossa that can form fistulas or rupture

What are internal hemorrhoids?

Dilated internal venous plexus; painless; above pectinate line; bright red bleeding

What are external hemorrhoids?

Clotted external veins; painful; below pectinate line

What are parts of the male urethra?

Membranous, spongy, and external urethral orifice

What is the scrotum?

Fibromuscular sac containing testes

What muscle regulates testicular temperature?

Cremaster muscle (raises/lowers testes)

What are the layers of the scrotum derived from?

External oblique (external fascia), internal oblique (cremaster), transversalis fascia (internal spermatic fascia)

What is the tunica vaginalis?

Peritoneal covering of testes

What supplies blood to the scrotum?

Anterior (external pudendal) and posterior (internal pudendal) vessels

What structures make up the penis?

Root, body, and glans

What erectile tissues are in the penis?

Two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum

What surrounds erectile tissue?

Tunica albuginea

What arteries supply the penis?

Branches of internal pudendal artery (dorsal, deep, bulbourethral)

What happens to helicine arteries when flaccid?

They coil to restrict blood flow

What is a rupture of the urethra?

Injury causing urine leakage into surrounding tissues

What is the vulva (pudendum)?

External female genitalia

What are its functions?

Sensory/erectile function, protection, and urine direction

What is the mons pubis?

Fatty mound anterior to pubic symphysis

What are the labia majora?

Fatty protective folds containing fibrous tissue

What are the labia minora?

Thin, vascular folds surrounding vestibule

What is the clitoris?

Erectile structure homologous to male corpora cavernosa

What is the vestibule?

Space between labia minora containing urethral and vaginal openings

What are paraurethral glands?

Glands near urethra homologous to prostate

What are greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands?

Mucus-secreting glands for lubrication

What are bulbs of the vestibule?

Erectile tissue homologous to corpus spongiosum

What is bartholinitis?

Infection of greater vestibular glands causing painful swelling

What are pain management options during childbirth?

Epidural, caudal block, and pudendal/ilioinguinal nerve blocks

What is an episiotomy?

Surgical incision to prevent uncontrolled tearing during childbirth

What happens when the perineal body is damaged?

Weakening leads to pelvic organ prolapse

What is uterine prolapse?

Descent of uterus due to weakened support structures

What are the degrees of uterine prolapse?

1st: cervix in vagina; 2nd: visible; 3rd: exits; 4th: entire uterus outside (procidentia)