Studied by 3 people
CP Biology B
Autotroph
an organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or inorganic chemicals and use it to produce its own food molecules; also called a producer
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
a molecule generated by cells in a cycle of ATP use. ADP has only 2 phosphate groups and a lower energy state than ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. ATP releases energy when one of its high-energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group.
Energy Transformation
Biological processes that transform matter and energy into living cellular systems ex. photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation
Heterotroph
organism that obtains its own food molecules by consuming other living things; also called a consumer
Calvin Cycle
reaction of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to bond carbon dioxide together to make sugars.
Chlorophyll
main photosynthetic pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms such as green algae.
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells and plants that captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.
Light-dependent reactions
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light energy (see Calvin Cycle).
NADP+
carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll in the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle
Photosynthesis
process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide into molecules of sugar.
Pigment
light-absorbing molecules used by photosynthetic autotrophs to gather the sun’s energy.
Photosystem
cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoid membranes
Stroma
fluid portion of the inner chloroplast environment; outside the thylakoids
Thylakoid
sac-like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
Aerobic
process that requires oxygen gas.
Anaerobic
process that does not require oxygen gas
Cellular Respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Electron Transport Chain
series of electron carrier proteins that transports high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
Glycolysis
first set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Krebs Cycle
second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Lactic Acid Fermentation
process by which cells make some ATP in the absence of oxygen, generating lactic acid as a byproduct
Matrix
the innermost space in a mitochondrion; site of the Krebs cycle reactions
Mitochondria
cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food molecules into ATP
NAD +
an electron carrier involved in cellular respiration
