Chapter 12 Personality Delvelopment & Measurement :)

Psycholoanalysis

Sigmund Freud’s idea that our fears and motives are housed in the unconscious part of the mind

• Adult personality can be traced back to childhood

• Every thought and behavior is a reflection of our personality

Freud’s iceberg model

Consciousness can be seen (above water iceberg)

Unconscious is underwater

What is your ID

Primitive impulses “I want that now”

What is your superego

“Good ppl don’t think abt that”

→ sense of morality

What is your ego?

Let’s figure at how to work together

What is it called when you have a dominance of ID

Impulsive

What is it called when you have dominance of superego

Rigid

Defense mechanism

Unconscious psych strategies to cope with anxiety

Neo-Freudian

Emphasizes the role of unconscious & early experience less on sexuality more on personality growth

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages

note this is not scientific

Oral → birth to 18 months (sucking biting)

Anal → 18 months to 3 yrs (bowel and bladder elimination

Phalic → 3 to 6 yrs (sexual desires for opp parent)

Latency → 6 yrs to puberty (sexual feeling decreases in importance)

Genital → puberty and older (maturity)

What is our collective unconscious

Shared ancestral memories

Define the defense mechanism of displacement

Diverting threatening impulses away from the source of the anxiety and toward a more acceptable source

Define the defense mechanism of projection

Distinguishing threatening impulses by attributing them to others (a man with powerful unconscious sexual desires for woman claims that woman use him as a sex object)

Defense mechanism of rationalization

Generating self-justifying explanations for our negative behaviors

Define reaction formation defense mechanim

Making unacceptable motivations appear as their exact opposite (Jane likes Jake, but not in public)

Define the defense mechanism of regression

Retreating to an earlier, more childlike, and safer stage of development (adults sucking their thumbs)

Define the defense mechanism repression (or denial)

Pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the unconscious

Define the defense mechanism sublimation

Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive desires into acceptable activities

What do humanistic psychologists embrace?

Free will, self concept, and self esteem

Define what a self-concept is and self esteem

• Beliefs of who we are (concept)

• Our positive feelings about the self (esteem)

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Bottom to top

• physiological needs (breathing, food, sex, sleep)

• Safety and security (employment, resources, family, health, property)

• Love and belonging (friendship, sexual intimacy)

• Self-esteem (confidence, respect by others and for others, achievement)

• Self actualization (morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice)

Define self-actualization

Motivation to develop our innate potential to fullest extent

Unconditional positive regard and who made this

Set of behaviors including being genuine, open minded, transparent

• made by humanistic theorist Carl Rogers

How does our textbook define personality

Individual’s consistent patterns of feelings, thinking, and behavior

Individualism-collectivism

Individualism is the tendency to focus on oneself and our own personal goals; collectivism is the tendency to view ourselves as part of a larger social group

Internal versus external locus of control

• Those with more internal locus of control are more likely to believe that life evens are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics.

• Those with more external locus of control are more likely to believe life events are due to luck or other outside forces

Regulatory focus

Refers to differences in the motivations that energize behavior, varying from promotion orientation (seeking out new opportunities) to a prevention orientation (avoiding negative outcomes)

What is factor analysis

A statistical technique grouping words into trait dimensions

What are the big 5 personality traits

• extraversion

• Conscientiousness

• Openness to experience

• Emotional stability

• Agreeableness

Difference between high and low agreeableness

• low: cold, hostile, not trusting of others

• High: warm, caring, kind

High vs low conscientiousness

High: organized, hard-working, responsible

Low: careless, unreliable, messier

Low vs high openness

Low: practical, conventional

High: complex, creative, curious

What is the MMPI

Minnesota personality Inventory

Ex:

• SUB (substance abuse)

• SUI (suicidal/death ideation)

• AXY (anxiety)

• RC4 (antisocial behavior)

What is the barnum effect?

Observation that people tend to believe in personality descriptions that supposedly are specific to them, but can apply to anyone (horoscopes)