renaissance and reformation

protestant

•  A person who did not believe in the ways of the Catholic Church

• Rejected Pope’s supreme authority - bible holds authority

• Wanted people to earn their way to Heaven through good behavior and not payments to the Church (Indulgences)

anglican

• English form of Protestantism - Started by Henry VIII

• Used so he can divorce his wives

reformation

• The Catholic Church and the Pope were involved in politics and used their religious authority to increase their wealth. 

• The Church sold indulgences to ensure a quicker travel to heaven; sometimes the people bought indulgences for people who were already dead.

•  This allowed the church to black mail people into buying them out of guilt.

•  Protestant reformation around 1517 

• Began when martin luther wrote and shared his 95 theses debating church indulgences 

• Led to the beginning of protestantism

counter reformation

•  Converting Protestants back to Catholicism

• Anti-semetism increased

  • Jews are pressured to convert to Catholicism and are forced to Ghettos

  • As a result, many Jews migrate to Eastern Europe and the Ottoman Empire where they were more welcoming of them

henry 8th

• Many wives - to search for a male son to be heir

• Used Protestantism to divorce his wives

edward vi

• Inherits the throne after Henry VII’s death but is very sickly

  • Dies shortly and throne passed to Mary Tudor

mary tudor

•  Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

• Daughter born but Henry wanted a boy

• Requests for annulment but is rejected by the Pope

• “Bloody Mary”

  • Killed many people

  • Catholic - burned Protestants as heretics

elizabeth i

•  Takes throne after Mary Tudor

• Very pragmatic and is a Protestant 

• Imprisoned by Mary (her sister) and suspected to treason

• Becomes queen in 1558 after let out of prison

• Good Queen

  • Makes compromises between protestants and catholics

    • Services in English instead of latin

    • Church hierarchy kept

    • Catholic rituals kept - clothing for example

humanism

• Emphasized studying liberal arts - humanities 

  • Grammar, logic, poetry, philosophy and history 

  • Think: School of Athens painting

indulgences

• A document paid to the Catholic Church that essentially bought one’s way to Heaven

• Ensured a shorter time in purgatory

• Cleanses sins

jesuits

• “Society of Jesus” 

• Founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola

• Wanted to educate jesuits, convert people to Christianity and stop the spread of Protestantism

martin luther

• Disagreed with the Catholic Church - selling indulgences, focus on money, Pope having supreme authority

• Writes 95 Theses

  • List of arguments against the Catholic Church 

lutheran

• A branch of protestant Christianity that follows the beliefs of Martin Luther

jan haus

• Bohemian Professor

• Supported John Wycliffe and his opinions

• Believed strongly that the Bible is the highest jurisdiction

• Excommunicated and then tried for being a heretic - found guilty

john wycliff

• An English professor who believed that Jesus Christ is the head of the Church (NOT the pope)

• Disapproved of the wealth and power the clergy wielded

• Believed that the Bible was the highest jurisdiction

• Supported translating the Bible into English for more people to read

ignatius of Loyola and the jesuits

• Had 3 missions:

  • Educate the jesuits

  • Convert non-Christians to Catholicism

  • Prevent the spreading of Protestantism

council of Trent

•  Called by Pope Paul III

• Meeting of clergy (Catholic) to regain political and religious authority

• Reaffirms basic Catholic Doctrines

  • Church and Pope can interpret Bible

  • Faith and good works

  • Pope has final authority

  • Seven sacraments

• Proposes reforms 

  • Bans indulgences

  • Created seminaries to educate priests

  • Tightened discipline in monasteries and convents

  • Only worthy people can enter the clergy

95 theses

• Martin Luther created it - list of arguments against the Catholic Church 

  • Selling indulgences

  • translating the bibles from latin  to vernacular languages

  • people earning their way into heaven instead of through payment.

• Nailed to Church door in 1517

act of supremacy

•  Henry VIII becomes head of the Church

oil paint

• Used in Northern Europe

• Able to layer paints to make more detailed art

• Adding pigments to different liquids to create paint

linear perspective

Objects in a piece of art have a horizon point and different sizes so they aren’t flat

vernacular

The language of a particular region

printing press

•  Could mass produce more texts - Bibles, Books

  • More people were literate

• Protestants could spread their values and arguments against the Catholic Church

raphael

• Painted “The School of Athens”

• Used Humanism and linear perspective

da vinci

•  Painter, Sculptor, inventor, engineer

• Painted the “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”

• Used techniques like perspective lines, humanism, individualism, realism, and qurescoro (shadowing and light)

michaelangelo

• Used sculpting, painting

• Sculpted Pieta and painted the Sistine Chapel, Statue of David

• Used techniques like naturalism, painting into soft materials (clay/plaster), realism, humanism, and individualism

secular

separating religion from civil affairs

petrarch

• A poet in the Renaissance period who used Humanism in his work

shakespeare

• English author who created many plays

• Added new words to modern english

• Plays became popular due to interesting plots and twists

brunelleschi

 Was an architect and artist who developed the idea of linear perspective

characteristics

• Started in Italy

• “Rebirth” in French

• Marked Early Modern period

• European (Greek and Roman) culture was revived

  • Arts

    • Realism and individualism in pieces of art

  • Infrastructure

    • Buildings inspired by Greek and Roman styles and architects 

  • Society

    • Religious and philosophical ideas incorporated into artists’ studies

• Roman and Greek ideas/styles revived to strengthen Europe

heresy

•  To be a “non-believer” (of the church, God)

• Index of Forbidden Books - heretical texts banned by Catholic Church

• People were murdered for being heretics - burned at stake, thrown in prison

patrons

•  More elite and wealthy families who supported artists by buying portraits of themselves/their families 

• These families lived in cities like Rome, so more artists moved to these cities to be more supported

• This allowed people to make a living by making by making art instead of through jobs in towns

trade

• Elite and Wealthy families supported art and architecture which increased trade

• Innovations and art spread through trade networks

• Coastal cities in Italy become more wealthy through trade

women/protestantism

•  Women had more power because they became more educated from needing to read the Bible

• Advocated for women preachers

rise of middle class

•  Merchants were part of the Middle Class

• With more money, they could support the arts more - patrons

  • Arts and architecture thrived