hws sem 2 final TERMS

credit to joy for all the definitions!

6 Stages of Genocide

Definition, Isolation, Emigration, Ghettoization, Deportation, Mass Murder

Alexander the Great

(~350 BC - ~320 BC) Macedonian king of Greece, spread Hellenism across parts of the Middle East, North Africa, etc.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(1863-1914) heir to the Austrian throne, murdered in 1914, resulting in WWI

Bystander

A witness; someone who does not participate in the event, but watches it and does not intervene (They are present but not actively taking part in the event)

City-states

an independent city (independent territory)

Comedies & tragedies

Constantine

(died 330 BC) Roman emperor who reunified Rome and spread Christianity.

Council of Nicea

The first Christian council under Constantine (included bishops)

Deicide

Killing God (deity)

Deportation

(process of being deported/transported into another place)

Dictator

A ruler with absolute/complete power over a country; often controlling through force/violence/fear.

Enlightenment

(1680s-1810s) A time period where philosophical and scientific discoveries were encouraged.

Feudalism

a system where nobles allow people to live/use the land in return for labor.

Genocide

The annihilation of a group of people with a certain trait; often supported by a government

Ghettoization

Jews are forcibly removed to segregated sections of Eastern European cities and are made to endure terrible living conditions

Great Depression

(1929-1939) A global economic downturn where stock prices crashed, inflation worsened, etc.

Holocaust

(1941-1945)A period where Jews were exterminated and persecuted, leading to the deaths of 12M people.

Identification

The process of being defined and identified into a certain group, often through legalized discrimination

Imperialism

a policy where a country extends its nation across other countries/territories

20 Kristallnacht

Waves of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1935

MAIN Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances (in secrecy), Imperialism, and Nationalism

Militarism

belief that a strong military can solve all problems (heavy investments into weaponry, arms, military, often spread influence to government)

Nationalism

a group of people’s desire to be individual and a free nation OR the belief that one’s nation is superior to others.

Natural Rights

Nazi Party

(1920 - 1945) A political party that existed in Germany that believed that Germany was superior and strived for a perfect, Jew-free nation.

Perpetrator

A person who commits or carries out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act

Reparations

compensation (money) to those one has done wrong to

Russian Pull-out Because of Revolution

Secret Alliances

alliances created in secrecy between several European powers during WWI, causing the involvement of several European powers in the war.

Serf

poor farm laborers (Russia)

Stalemate

an agreed pause to war due to neither side winning and heavy losses

Thomas of Monmouth

A Christian boy who was allegedly killed and mutilated by the Jews

Treaty of Versailles

A treaty that forced Germany to take full blame for WWI and give up armaments.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat where trenches are used as attacking points and as shelter

U-boats

a type of boat used by Germany to have some advantage over Britain during WWI; often used to submerge supply ships (GERMAN SUBMARINES)

Universe of Obligation

The obligations/values that members of society share and see as important; Society’s view of who deserves rights and who deserves protection or doesn’t

Upstander

A person speaking or acting in support of an individual or cause. Particularly someone who intervenes on behalf of a victim. (They are present and actively step into the event)

Victim

Person being targeted by harmful, illegal, or immoral acts of another. Often have no choice in the matter.

Weimar Republic

(1918-1933) A new “Democratic” government (Berlin democracy); emerged after Treaty of Versailles

3 G’s of Spanish Conquest

Gold, God, Glory

Amazon Rainforest

largest tropical rainforest extending from North of Brazil to Columbia and Peru

Andes

This is the highest mountain range in Latin America, with dozens of peaks that rise more than 6,096 meters. Is second in height only to the great mountain ranges in Asia. (Peru, Chile, Ecuador; West Coast of South America)

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

He helped bring Mexico its independence, lost Mexico nearly half of its territory, and shaped its future conceptions of what a leader is and should be. Caudillo who was in power 6 times.

Aristocracy

Old money ancestors were rich landowners; Usually well-educated and more cultured; Traditionally the family name was more important than money; Owned large land estates

Atacama Desert

considered one of the driest coastal deserts in the world. The Desert is located to the west of the Andes, on the Pacific coast of South America

Atahualpa

The last Incan emperor before Spanish conquests; executed by Francisco Pizarro. (N/A - 1533)

Balboa

(Panama standard currency) (a person is Spanish conquistador 1475-1519)

Bartoloméo de las Casas

Spanish guy (a writer and former conquistador) who was the first to reveal the atrocities/brutalities experienced by the Indigenous groups (Natives) by the Spanish

Caudillo

large landowners that controlled the country's political, economic, and social problems

Columbian Exchange

The cultural and biological exchange between the Old World (Europe & Africa) and the New World (Latin America)

Conquistador

conquerors; especially Spanish conquerors.

Cortez

Mission changed from exploration to conquest; Conquered Aztecs with the help of other Native Americans and traditional story

Coup D’Etat

the (violent/sudden) overthrowing of a power/government

Creole

European born in Latin America

Embargo

an official ban of trade within a country

Encomienda System

Spanish settler the right to demand taxes or labor from the people living on the land (Native Americans)

Good Neighbor Policy

Policy put into place by FD Roosevelt; The US gov’t would not get involved in LA affairs (US is opposed to armed intervention)

Haciendas

Large estates owned by the aristocracy; Was the Spanish equivalent of a plantation; A large land grant to a conquistador.

Jose de San Martin

He was a Creole. San Martín led his army across the Andes. The Spanish got caught unprepared so the Spanish soon surrendered. Chile declared its independence in 1818. He headed north to help free Ecuador and Peru. He also fought for the independence of Argentina.

Jose Morelos

A mestizo priest, José, brought discipline to the rebel army and won some successes.

Ladino

Enculturated Native Americans (“trying to fit in the Europeans”)

Magellan

(1480-1521) Portuguese Explorer first to explore the Atlantic and the West

Maize

_ is used predominantly for industrial, non-food purposes

Mercantilism

An economic system that revolves around utilizing colonies to strengthen the mother country’s economy.

Mestizo

Mix of European (mostly Spanish) and “Indian” parents (Usually White Dad)

Moctezuma

one of the last Aztec emperors who died (1520) after getting imprisoned by Hernan Cortez.

Monroe Doctrine

US policy; Says if Europe tries to interfere/colonize in the Western Hemisphere, the USA views it as aggression, so the US would interfere

Mulatto

Mix of white and black parents (Usually White Dad)

Nouveaux Riches

“New Money”; Self-made modern rich; Usually in some business or celebrity

Pardo

Hodge Podge (Indian, Black, White)

Peasants

Work the land; Some own their land, some land owners; Most work on haciendas; In exchange, they get to live on land

Peninsular(e)s

European (born and raised on/from the Iberian peninsula)

Pizarro

Spanish conqueror of the Inca empire and founder of the city of Lima

Quetzalcoatl

an important Aztec deity that’s a feathered serpent; a god that was believed to be the deity of wind/air.

Quipus

a way of communicating/recording information without writing. (In Incan Empire context, a method of recording through strings and knots.

Roman Catholicism

Faith/practice of the Roman Catholic Church. (priests, mass, pope, bishop, etc)

Rural Poor

worked on farms or plantations outside of the city

Sierra Madres

The Sierra Madre West rises along the Pacific coast, while the Sierra Madre East stands near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Simon Bolivar

A wealthy Creole, helped fight for independence from the Spanish. He defeated the Spanish defenders from Bogota. He set up the Republic of Gran Colombia.

Tenochtitlan

capital of the Aztec empire

Treaty of Tordsillas

A treaty between Spain and Portugal to divide rights to colonize the New World. (ended up with Spain getting the west coast and Portugal getting the east)

Urban Poor

Generally illiterate and only work part-time; Living in Favellas (slums)

Urbanization

the process of making an area more urban

Viceroy

appointed governors; especially Spanish governors

Wage Hands

Work on commercial farms raising sugarcane, cotton, coffee, and bananas; Work is seasonal, and pay is low; Often migrant workers

Zambo

Mix of black and “Indian” parents

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1948 War

War in which Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria invaded Israel immediately after it became independent. Israelis took most of the Palestinian land.

1967 War/Six-day War

Egypt cut off Israel from the Red Sea and threatened to go to war with them. Israel then preemptively won the war through a surprise attack on Egypt. Israel claimed the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, and Jerusalem.

Abbasids

A golden age dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258 - scientific discoveries (non-arab Muslims and Muslims from Iraq)

Abu Bakr

First caliph after Muhammad's death (died 2 years after Muhammad died)

Ahl Al-Dhimma

Non-Muslim inhabitants in Islamic States (people of protection, including Christians, Jews, etc.)

Ali

The fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites (murdered from revenge killing in a mosque in Baghdad after 6 years of rule)

Arab Revolt of 1936-1939

Uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British Colonial rule as a demand for independence and opposition to mass Jewish immigration

Aswan High Dam

(est 1960-1970) Largest/tallest dam in the world, across the Nile River in Egypt; controls water flow in Egypt

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as the homeland for Jews in exchange for Jew's help in WWI