Human Geography Final

What is agriculture?

The science and art of cultivating plants and livestock.

What is the difference between Regular and Organic Agriculture?

Regular uses synthetic chemicals and fertilizers; Organic does not use synthetic inputs and is eco-friendly.

What are the three classifications of Economic Activity?

Primary (farming, fishing, mining), Secondary (manufacturing), Tertiary (services).

What characterizes Hunters and Gatherers?

Small, nomadic populations that relied on foraging and hunting for food.

What are the three Agricultural Revolutions?

1st: Domestication of plants/animals; 2nd: Industrial Revolution; 3rd: Green Revolution with high-yield seeds and GMOs.

What is Agribusiness?

Large-scale, corporate-controlled agriculture focused on profit rather than sustainability.

What does Von Thünen's Model explain?

The relationship between land use and market distance.

What are Slash-and-Burn & Subsistence Farming?

Traditional farming methods used in developing areas for local survival.

What is Fair Trade?

A practice ensuring ethical wages and environmental sustainability.

What is urbanization?

Growth of cities through migration and industrialization.

What are the Hearths of Urbanization?

Key regions where urbanization began, such as River Civilizations and Ancient Greece.

What are key resources for building a city?

Water, fertile land, and transportation access.

What functions do historic cities serve?

Government, trade, religion, and defense.

What is the CBD (Central Business District)?

The economic heart of a city, surrounded by various zones.

What causes Inner City Problems?

Issues like underclass, deterioration, and housing decline due to filtering.

What is Redlining?

The denial of services based on geographical location.

What is Gentrification?

Urban renewal that displaces poorer residents.

What suburban problems exist?

Sprawl, traffic, segregation, and oversized homes (McMansions).

What are Chicago's origins?

It is a transport hub between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River.

What are cultural traits?

Material traits (physical items) and non-material traits (ideas).

What constitutes cultural behaviors?

Norms, taboos, habits, and customs.

Define Ethnocentrism.

The belief in the superiority of one's own culture.

Define Cultural Relativism.

Understanding cultures on their own terms.

What is Syncretism?

The blending of two or more cultures.

What is assimilation?

The process of absorbing into another culture.

What are the two types of culture?

Folk culture (traditional, rural) and popular culture (modern, urban).

What is Diffusion?

The spread of cultural elements; can be hierarchical or reverse hierarchical.

What key terms are associated with Africa's colonial history?

Colonization, imperialism, decolonization, and infrastructure.

What are key concepts in Hinduism?

Vedas, caste system, dharma, karma, reincarnation, moksha.

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

1. Life = suffering; 2. Cause = desire; 3. End suffering by ending desire; 4. Follow the Eightfold Path.

Who is Siddhartha Gautama?

The Buddha, founder of Buddhism.

What characterizes the Crossroads Concept?

The intersection of Africa, Asia, and Europe leading to cultural blending.

What are key concepts in Judaism?

Covenant, Ten Commandments, Torah, and key figures like Abraham.

What is the core belief of Christianity?

Jesus is considered the Messiah.

Who is Muhammad and what is his significance in Islam?

Muhammad is the final prophet of Islam.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage (Hajj).

What ongoing conflicts are associated with Jerusalem?

Disputes over holy land among Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

What are Occupied Territories?

Land areas experiencing ongoing conflicts, such as the West Bank and Gaza.