5. ENZYMES and METABOLIC REACTIONS

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19 Terms

1

How do reactions occur in cells

Molecules are in constant motion

Collisions between molecules allow reactions to occur

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2

Catalysts

allow the body to conserve energy and undergo metabolic reactions

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3

Activation energy

of reactions is too high to be compatible with sustaining life.

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4

Enzymes

Are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in our body

End with the suffix ‘-ase’

Are specific for substrates

Can be reused

Are only needed in small quantities

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5

Enzymatic Reactions

  • Catabolic rxn’s

  • Anabolic rxn’s

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6

Catabolic reactions

break one substrate into smaller products using hydrolysis

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7

Anabolic reactions

join substrates into a larger product using dehydration synthesis.

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8

active site

Where the substrate joins the enzyme is called the

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9

‘Lock and Key Model’

The active site of an enzyme is a perfect match to a specific substrate

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10

‘Induced-Fit Model’

The active site changes shape slightly when the E-S complex join together

Bringing substrates closer together = increasing substrate concentration

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11

Factors that Affect Enzymes

  • Temperature

  • pH

  • When the concentration of substrate increases the rate of the reaction increases

  • When the concentration of the enzyme increases, the rate of the reaction increases

  • Inhibitor molecules

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12

How does temperature affects the enzyme

Reaction rates increase as temperature increases

Peaks at ~ 37 - 40°C then drops rapidly as enzymes denature

At low temps, molecules do not have enough energy to undergo reactions.

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13

How does pH affects the enzyme

Enzymes function within an optimal pH range

Stomach pH

Small intestine pH

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14

How does inhibitor molecules affect enzymes

Inhibitor molecules attach to the enzyme and reduce its ability to bind substrate

There are two types of inhibitors:

  1. Competitive inhibitors

  2. Non-competitive inhibitors

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15

Competitive inhibitors

Attach to enzyme’s active site

Shape is similar to substrate

Compete with the substrate

Often the end product of the reaction

E.g. drugs and poisons

 - CO

 - Methotrexate

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16

Non-competitive inhibitors

Attach elsewhere on the enzyme (not the active site)

Attachment changes the 3D shape of enzyme

Reaction still occurs, but is inhibited

E.g. heavy metals and cyanide

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17

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

  • Feedback inhibition

  • Precursor activity

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18

Feedback Inhibition

Turns the path ‘off’

Prevents accumulation of products

Final product of pathway interferes with an enzyme by binding with allosteric site and altering the active site

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19

Precursor Activity

Turns the path ‘on’

A substrate binds to the allosteric site of the last enzyme in a path

Speeds up the final product formation

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