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Classical Conditioning
A method of learning in which a stimulus is paired with an automatic response.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A natural, automatically occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits a response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response.
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response now associated with a previously neutral stimulus.
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning when a response is first established.
Extinction
The process through which the conditioned response diminishes or disappears.
Spontaneous Recovery
The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
Generalization
The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.
Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond appropriately.
Operant Conditioning
A type of associative learning where behavior is modified through rewards and punishments.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior.
Primary Reinforcer
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, such as food or water.
Secondary Reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Fixed-ratio Schedule
A reinforcement schedule that provides rewards after a specified number of responses.
Variable-ratio Schedule
A reinforcement schedule that provides rewards after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed-interval Schedule
A reinforcement schedule that provides rewards after a specific amount of time has passed.
Variable-interval Schedule
A reinforcement schedule that provides rewards at unpredictable time intervals.
Punishment
A consequence used to decrease the likelihood of an undesired behavior.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
A therapeutic approach that modifies behavior through conditioning techniques.
