abnormal psychology CCE

acute stress disorder

development of at least 9 symptoms following an exposure to an an event. durations of 3 days to 1 month. causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning.

Adjustment disorders

development of emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to one or more psychosocial stressors withing 3 months of the onset of those stressors. must remit within 6 months after termination of the stressor or its consequences

alcohol-induced disorders

2 characteristics within several hours- a few days following cessation or reduction of use. Autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting; transient illusions or hallucinations; anxiety; psychomotor agitation; generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

anorexia nervosa

a. restriction of energy intake that leads to a significantly low body weight. b. intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat or behavior that interferes with weight gain. C. a disturbance in the way the person experiences their body weight or shape or a persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of their low body weight.

antisocial personality disorder

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that has occurred since age 15 and involves at least 3 characteristic symptoms- failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful bx; deceitfulness; impulsivity; reckless disregard for the safety of self and others; lack of remorse. must be at least 18 years old and have a history of conduct disorder before 15 years old.

attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder

presents with at least 6 symptoms of inattention and or six symptoms of hyperactive-impulsivity. onset prior to 12. interferes with social, occupational, or academic functioning.

autism spectrum disorder

must exhibit: a. persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts as manifested by deficits in social-emotional reciprocity; nonverbal communication, and the development, maintenance, and understanding of relationships. B. restricted, repetitive patterns of bx, interests, and activities as manifested by at least 2 characteristic symptoms. C. presence of symptoms during early developmental period. D. impaired functioning as the result of symptoms. Best outcome associated with ability to communicate at age 5-6, IQ or 70, increased adaptive functioning.

avoidant personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, as indicated by at least 4 characteristic symptoms. (avoids work activities involving interpersonal contact due to fear of criticism, rejection or disapproval; is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked; is preoccupied with concerns about being criticized or rejected; views self as socially inept, inferior or unappealing to others.

behavioral pediatrics (hospitalization, compliance)

hospitalized children are at an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems and children ages 1-4 have the most negative reactions to hospitalization. compliance with medical regimens is particularly problematic for adolescents.

behavioral theory of depression (Lewinsohn)

Attributes depression to low rate of response-contingent reinforcement

Bipolar I Disorder

requires at least one manic episode that lasts at least one week and is present most of the day, nearly every day and includes at least 3 characteristic symptoms. Must cause marked impairment to functioning. May include 1+ episodes of hypomania and mania

Bipolar II Disorder

requires at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. hypomanic episode lasts at least 4 days with at least 3 symptoms associated with a manic episode, with lessened severity. Major depressive episode lasts for at least two weeks and involves at least 5 characteristic symptoms, including depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure

Borderline Personality Disorder

pervasive pattern if instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity. At least 5 characteristic symptoms must be present. (frantic efforts to avoid abandonment; pattern of unstable, intense interpersonal relationships that are marked by fluctuations between idealization and devaluation; an identity disturbance involving a persistent instability in self-image or sense of self; recurrent suicide threats or gestures; transient stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

presence of one or more of 4 symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic bx) with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech, symptoms are present for at least one day but less than one month with an eventual return to full premorbid functioning

Bulimia Nervosa

a. recurrent episodes of binge eating that are accompanied by a sense of a lack of control b. inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain and c. self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight

Concordance rates for schizophrenia

rates are higher among individuals with genetic similarity, and the greater the similarity, the higher the concordance rates. For bio siblings 10% rate; for identical twins, rate is 48%

conduct disorder

requires a persistent pattern of bx that violates the basic rights of others and/ or age appropriate social norms or rules as evidenced by the presence of at least 3 characteristic symptoms during the past 12 months and at least one symptom in the past 6 months. Symptoms are divided into 4 categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules. Symptoms must cause significant impairment in functioning. cannot be assigned to those over 18 (ASPD).

conversion disorder

symptoms involve disturbances in voluntary motor or sensory functioning and suggest a serious neurological or other medical condition with evidence pf incompatibility between the symptom and the recognized neurological or medical conditions.

cyclothymic disorder

involves fluctuating hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode, with symptoms lasting for at least 2 years in adults and one year in children and adolescents. symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.

delirium

a. disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time, represents a change from baseline functioning, and tends to fluctuate in severity over the course of the day. B. an additional disturbance in cognition. rule out neurocognitive disorder, physiological consequence pf a medical condition, substance intoxication, or withdrawal, or exposure to a toxin.

delusional disorder

1 or more delusions that last at least 1 month. overall psychosocial functioning is not markedly impaired, and any impairment is directly related to the delusions. SUPTYPES: erotomania, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, and unspecified.

dependent personality disorder

pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive, clinging behavior and a fear of separation as manifested by at least 5 symptoms (has difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance from others; fears disagreeing with others because it might lead to a loss of support; has difficulty initiating projects on their own; goes to grat lengths to gain nurturance and support from others; is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to care for themselves.

depressive cognitive triad (Beck)

the cognitive profile for depression involves a cognitive triad: negative beliefs about oneself, the world (situation), and the future.

dialectic behavior therapy (DBT)

Linehan (1987) DBT was designed as a treatment for BPD and incorporates 3 strategies. 1. group skills training to help clients regulate their emotions and improve their social and coping skills. 2. individual outpatient therapy to strengthen clients’ motivation and newly-acquired skills 3. telephone consultations to provide additional support and between sessions coaching. research has confirmed that it reduces premature termination from therapy, psychiatric hospitalizations and parasuicidal bxs.

diagnostic uncertainty

indicated by coding: other specified disorder is coded when the clinician wants to indicate the reason what the client’s symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis, while unspecified disorder is coded when the clinician does not want to indicate the reason why the client’s symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis

dissociative amnesia

requires an inability to recall important personal information that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness and causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. It is often related to exposure to one or more traumatic events. common forms are localized and selective.

dopamine hypothesis

attributes schizophrenia to elevated levels of or oversensitivity to dopamine

DSM-5-TR

catagorical approach that divides the mental disorders into types that are defined by a set of diagnostic criteria and requires the clinician to determine whether or not a client meets the minimum criteria for a given diagnosis.

enuresis

repeated voiding urine into the bed or clothes at least twice a week for 3 or more consecutive months. urination is usually involuntary but can be intentional and is not due to subtance use or a medical condition. enuresis is diagnosed only when the individual is at least 5 years old or the equivalent developmental level. the bell and pad (urine alarm) is the most common treatment.

erectile disorder

requires the presence of at least one of 3 symptoms (marked difficulty obtaining an erection during sexual activity, marked difficulty in maintaining an erection until the completion of sexual activity, marked decrease in erectile rigidity) on all or almost all occasions of sexual activity

expressed emotion and schizophrenia

a high level of expressed emotion by family members towatd the member with schizophrenia is associated with high risk for relapse and rehospitalization. High expressed emotion is characterized

factitious disorder

imposed on self- falsify physical or psychological symptoms that are associated with their deception, present themselves to others as being ill or impaired, and engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an obvious external reward for doing so. Imposed on another- falsify physical or psychological symptoms in another person, present that person to others as being ill or impaired, and engage in the deceptive falsification of symptoms can involve feigning, exaggeration, simulation, or induction

gender dysphoria

for children- marked incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced or expressed gender as evidenced by a strong desire to be the other sex and at least 5 symptoms (strong preference for wearing clothes of the other gender; strong preference for cross-gender roles during play; SP for toys and activities typically used or engaged in by the opposite gender.; SP for playmates of the other gender; strong desire for primary or secondary sex characteristics of one’s experienced gender). Adolescents and adults- manifested by at least 2 symptoms, duration of at least 6 months, causes clinically significant distress or impaired function

generalized anxiety disorder

involves excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities which are relatively constant for at least 6 months, the person finds difficult to control, and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. Anxiety and worry must include at least 3 symptoms: restlessness, or feeling keyed up or on edge; being easily fatigued; difficulty concentrating; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbance. usually cbt or cbt and meds

genito-pelvic pain/ penetration disorder

presence of persistent difficulties involving at least one of the following: vaginal penetration during intercourse; genito-pelvic pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; anxiety about genito-pelvic pain before, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration; tensing of pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration.

histrionic personality disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of emotionality and attention-seeking as manifested by at least 5 characteristic symptoms: discomfort when not the center of attention; inappropriately sexually seductive or provocative; rapidly shifting and shallow emotions; consistent use of physical appearance to gain attention; considers relationships to be more intimate than they are.

insomnia disorder

characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity that is associated with at least one characteristic symptom: difficulty initiating sleep; difficulty maintaining sleep; early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep. the sleep disturbance occurs at least 3 nights each week, has been present for at least 3 months, occurs despite sufficient opportunities for sleep, and causes significant distress or impaired functioning.

intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability)

diagnosed in the presence of a. deficits in intellectual functions (reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking) b. deficits in adaptive functioning that results in a failure to meet community standards of personal independence and social responsibility and impair functioning across multiple environments in one or more activities of daily life. C. onset of a and b deficits during the developmental period are based on adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical models.

learned helplessness model Seligman

depression is due to exposure to uncontrollable negative events and internal, stable, and global attributions for those events. A reformation of the theory by Abram, Metalsky, and Alloy emphasizes the role of hopelessness

major depressive disorder

presence of at least FIVE symptoms of a major depressive episode nearly everyday for at least 2 weeks, with at least one symptom being depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure. Symptoms: depressed mood; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activities; significant weight loss or gain without effort; increase or decrease in appetite; insomnia or hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate; recurrent thoughts of death; recurrent suicidal ideation; or a suicide attempt. cbt, ssri, antidepressant.

major depressive disorder with peripartum onset

peripartum specifier may be used with mdd, and bipolar 1 & 2. onset of symptoms during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum. symptoms may include anxiety and preoccupation with the infant’s wellbeing, or in extreme cases, delusional thoughts about the infant.

major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

specifier can be applied to MDD, and bipolar 1 & 2. temporal relationship between the onset of mood episode and a particular time of the year. this condition is also known as SAD, seasonal affective disorder, in the northern hemisphere it most often occurs in the winter months. Usually experience hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, and a craving for carbs.

major and mild neurocognitive disorders

major neurocognitive disorders (formerly dementia) is diagnosed when there is evidence of significant decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains that interferes with the individual’s independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of Delirium. Mild (formerly cognitive disorder NOS) is the appropriate diagnosis when there is evidence of a modest decline from a previous level of functioning on one or more cognitive domains that does not interfere with the individuals independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of Delirium Subtypes include: based on Alzheimer’s disease, vascular disease, tbi, HIV, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease.

malingering

Involves the intentional production, faking, or gross exaggeration oh physical or psychological symptoms to obtain an external reward

marlatt and gordon/ relapse prevention therapy

view addiction as an “overlearned maladaptive habit pattern” and their relapse prevention therapy focuses on identifying circumstances that increase the risk for relapse and implementing cognitive and behavioral strategies that help the client prevent and cope effectively with lapses.

Narcissistic personality disorder

involves a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy as indicated by at least 5 characteristic symptoms: has a grandiose sense of self importance; is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, love; believes they are unique and can be understood only by other high-status people; requires excessive admiration; has a sense of entitlement; lacks empathy; is often envious of others or believes others are envious of them.

narcolepsy

attacks of irrepressible need to sleep with lapses into sleep or daytime naps that occur at least 3 times per week and have been present for at least 3 months. the diagnosis also requires episodes of cataplexy, a hypocretin deficiency, or rem latency less than or equal to 15 minutes.

neurocognitive disorder due to alzheimer’s disease

criteria or major or mild neurocognitive disorder are met, there is an insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains and the criteria for probable or possible Alzheimer’s disease are met. It involves a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning that can be described in terms of the following stages.

Stage 1 (1-3 years) anterograde amnesia (especially declarative memories); deficits in visuospatial skills (wandering); indifference, irritability, and sadness, and anomia (difficulty in word retrieval).

Stage 2 (2-10 years) increasing retrograde amnesia; flat or labile mood; restlessness and agitation; delusions; fluent aphasia; acalculia; and ideomotor apraxia (inability to translate an idea into motion)

stage 3 (8-12 years) entails severely deteriorated intellectual functioning; apathy; limb rigidity; and urinary and fecal incontinence.

non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders

recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening that usually occur during the first third of the major sleep episode and are accompanied by sleep walking (getting out of bed during sleep and walking around) and/or sleep terror (an abrupt arousal from sleep that often begins with a panicky scream and is accompanied by intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal). the individual has limited or no recall of an episode upon awakening and the disturbance causes significant distress or impaired functioning.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

charcterized by recurrent obsessions and /or compulsions that are time consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning: obsessions are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that the person experiences as intrusive and unwanted and that they attempt to ignore or suppress and compulsions are repetitous and deliberate behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform either

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

characterized by a persistent occupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control that severely limits the individual’s flexibility, openness, and efficiency. At least 4 characteristic symptoms must be present exhibits perfectionism that interferes with task completion; is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships; is reluctant to delegate work to others unless they are willing to do it their way; adopts a miserly spending style towards self and others.

opioid withdrawal

occurs following the cessation or reduction in the use of opioids following prolonged or heavy use or administration of an opioid antagonist following a period of opioid use.. the diagnosis requires at least 3 characteristic symptoms: dysphoric mood; nausea/vomiting; muscle aches; lacrimation or rhinorrea (crying or runny nose); pupillary dialation; piloerection (goosebumps); sweating; diarrhea; yawning; fever; or insomnia.

oppositional defiant disorder

recurrent pattern of an angry/irritable mood; argumentative/defiant behavior; or vindictiveness as evidence by at least 4 characteristic symptoms that are exhibited with at least one person who is not a sibling

often loses temper; often argues with authority figures; often actively refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules; often blames others for their mistakes.

outline for cultural formulation

DSM-5-TR outline for cultural formulation provides guidelines for assessing 4 factors:

the client’s cultural identity, the client’s cultural conceptualization of distress; the psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact the client’s vulnerability and resilience; and cultural factors relevant to the relationship between client and therapist

panic disorder

recurrent unexpected panic attacks with at least one attack being followed by one month of persistent concern about having additional attacks or about their consequences and/or involving a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attack. cognitive behavioral interventions that incorporate exposure are the treatment-of -choice for this disorder

paranoid personality disorder

involves a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness that entails interpreting the motives of others as malevolent. Diagnosis requires the presence of at least 4 characteristic symptoms:

suspects that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them without a sufficient basis for doing so; reads demeaning content into benign remarks or events; persistently bears grudges; is persistently suspicious about the fidelity of their spouse or sexual partner without justification

paraphilic disorders

includes voyeuristic, exhibitionistic, frotteuristic, sexual sadism, pedophilic, fetishistic, and transvestic disorders. these disorders are characterized by an “intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners that is currently causing distress or impairment to the other individual or has entailed personal harm or risk of harm to others

persistent depressive disorder

characterized by a depressed mood (child and adolescent: depressed or irritable mood). One most days for at least 2 years for adults and 1 year in children/ adolescence. during this period, this individual has not been symptom free for more than 2 months and symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

requires exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence; presence of at least one intrusion symptom related to the event; persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the event; negative changes in cognition or mood associated with the event; marked change in arousal and reactivity associated with the event. Symptoms must have a duration of more than one month and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired function. the treatment of choice is a comprehensive cognitive behavioral intervention that incorporates exposure, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management or similar techniques.

premature ejaculation

diagnosed in the presence of a persistent or recurrent patter of ejaculation during partnered sexual activity within just one minute of vaginal penetration or before the person desires it. The disturbance must have been present for at least 6 months, be experienced on all or almost all occasions of sexual activity, and cause clinically significant distress. treatment: stop and start squeeze technique

prognosis for schizophrenia

good premorbid adjustment, an acute and late onset, female gender, presence of a precipitating event, a brief history of active-phase symptoms’ insight into the illness; family history of a mood disorder; and no family history of schizophrenia.

prolonged grief disorder

intense yearning or longing for the deceased (often with intense sorrow and emotional pain) and preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased

reactive attachment disorder

characterized by a pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers as manifested by a lack of seeking or responding to comfort when distressed and a persistent social and emotional disturbance. The diagnosis requires evidence that the child has experienced extreme insufficient care that is believed to be the cause of the disturbed behavior. Symptoms must be apparent before the child is 5 years old and the child must have a developmental age of at least 9 months.

risk factors for suicide

high risk for suicide is associated with a warning; pervious attempts; a plan (especially one involving a lethal weapon); male gender’ being divorced, separated, or widowed; feelings of hopelessness.

For most age groups, the rates are highest for white people; an exception for native american/ alaskan native individuals from 15-34 who have 2.5 times higher rates than the national average for this age group.

of the mental disorders, the highest risk is associated with MDD and Bipolar Disorder. suicide attempters are most likely to be female, completers are more likely to be males.

schizoid personality disorder

involves a pervasive pattern of detachment from interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings with at least 4 characteristic symptoms; doesn’t desire or enjoy close relationships; almost always chooses solitary activities; has little interest in sexual relationships; takes pleasure in few activities; lacks close friends or confidents other than first-degree relatives; seems indifferent to praise or criticism; exhibits emotional coldness or detachment

schizophrenia

diagnosis requires the presence of at least 2 active phase symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms) for at least ONE month with at least one symptom being one of the first 3 previously listed. there must be significant impairment in functioning. treatment usually includes an antipsychotic drug, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, social skills training, supported employment, and other interventions for the individual with schizophrenia and psychosocial interventions for their family

schizophreniform disorder

identical to schizophrenia, disturbance is present for at least 1 month but less than 6 months and impaired social or occupational functioning may occur but is not required.

schizotypal personality disorder

diagnosed in the presence of

a. pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships

b. eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior as manifested by the presence of at least 5 symptoms:

ideas of reference; odd beliefs or magical thinking that influence behavior; bodily illusions and other unusual perceptions; is suspicious or has paranoid ideation; inappropriate or constricted affect; lacks close friends or confidents other than first-degree relatives; excessive social anxiety

separation anxiety disorder

involves developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear and anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as evidenced by at least 3 symptoms: recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or major attachment figures; persistent excessive fear of being alone; repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from an attachment figure occurs or is anticipated. Disturbance must last at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents or 6 months in adults and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired function.

social anxiety disorder

involves intense fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others. the individual fears that they will be negatively evaluated; they avoid the situations or endure them with intense fear or anxiety; and their fear/anxiety is not proportional to the threat posed in those situations. The fear, anxiety, and avoidance are persistent and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. Exposure with response prevention is an effective treatment, and its benefits may be enhanced when it is combined with social skills training or cognitive restructuring and other cognitive techniques.

specific learning disorder

diagnosed when a person exhibits difficulties related to academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least one characteristic symptom that persists for at least 6 months despite the provision of interventions targeting those difficulties. The diagnosis requires that the individual’s academic skills are substantially below those expected for their age, interfere with academic to occupational performance or activities of daily living, began during the school age years, and are not better accounted for by another condition or disorder or other factor such as uncorrected visual or auditory impairment or psychosocial adversity.

specific phobia

characterized by an intense fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, with the individual either avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with marked distress. The fear or anxiety is not proportional to the danger posed by the object or situation, is persistent (typically more than 6 months) and causes clinically significant distress or impaired function.

treatment of choice: exposure with response prevention

substance induced disorders

includes: substance intoxication; substance withdrawal; and substance/medication- induced mental disorders. the latter are “potentially severe, usually temporary, but sometimes persisting CNS syndromes that develop in the context of the effects of substances of abuse, medications, or toxins” and includes substance/medication- induced psychotic disorder; substance/medication induced depressive disorder; and substance/medication induced neurocognitive disorders.

substance use disorders

“ a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems” as manifested by at least 2 symptoms during a 12 month period:

substance used in larger amounts for a longer period of time than intended; persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use; craving for the substance; recurrent substance use despite persistent social problems caused or worsened by substance use; recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically dangerous to do so; tolerance; withdrawal.

tobacco use disorder/ smoking cessation interventions

interventions for this disorder most likely leads to long term abstinence when they include:

a. nicotine replacement therapy

b. multicomponent behavioral therapy that include, ex. skills training, relapse prevention, stimulus control, and/or smoking

c. support and assistance from clinician

tobacco withdrawal

characterized by the development of at least 4 characteristic symptoms within 24 hours of abrupt cessation or reduction in the use of tobacco.

irritability, anxiety, impaired concentration, increased appetite; restlessness; depressed mood; insomnia

tourette’s disorder

characterized by a presence of at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may appear simultaneously or at different times, may wax and wane in frequency, have persisted for more than one year, and began prior to age 18.

uncomplicated bereavement

condition that may be a focus of treatment. A normal reaction to the death of a loved one. may include symptoms of a major depressive episode, but the individual usually experiences the symptoms as normal and may be seeking treatment for insomnia, anorexia, or other associated symptoms.

vascular neurocognitive disorder

diagnosed when the criteria for minor or major neurocognitive disorders are met, the clinical features are consistent with a vascular etiology, and there is evidence of cerebrovascular disease from the individual’s history, a physical examination, and/or neuroimaging that is considered sufficient to account for their symptoms. The course and extent of recovery depend on the cause of the disorder and may involve an acute onset with partial recovery, a stepwise decline, or a progressive course with fluctuations in symptom severity and plateaus that vary in duration.

Erotmanic delusions

The person believes that someone is romantically in love with them

Grandiose delusions

The person believes that they have a great but unrecognized talent or insight or has made an important discovery

Jealous delusions

The person believes that their spouse or lover is unfaithful

Persecutory delusions

The person believes that they are being conspired against, cheated, spied on, poisoned, etc

Somatic delusions

The person believes that they have an abnormal bodily function or sensation

Cluster A personality Disorders: definition

Personality disorders involving odd or eccentric behavior

Cluster A personality disorders

Paranoid personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster B personality disorders definition

Characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors

Cluster B personality disorders

Antisocial personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Histrionic personality disorder

Cluster C personality disorder description

These personality disorders all involve anxiety and/or fearfulness

Cluster C personality Disorders

Avoidant personality disorder

Dependent personality disorder

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder