ch 18 review just the short answer

How did the demands of the state and the market shape colonial labor in the 19th century?

* state demanded unpaid labor on public projects (called statute labor in French Africa)
* the Congo Free State authorized the use of forced labor in the collection of rubber


* some farmers benefited from cash-crop agriculture due to high prices for their products in the international markets (rice farmers in Burma, cacao travers in the Gold Coast

Construct the rationales used to justify Western imperialism in the 19th century.

Economic- the need for raw materials and agricultural products to fuel Europe's industrialization

Political- colonies were strategically important in the game of international power politics

Infer some reasons why some colonized people choose to support European colonial regimes.

\-many men found employment, status, and security in European-led armed forces

\-some local elites saw an opportunity to retain much of their earlier statuses and privileges while gaining considerable wealth by working as local intermediaries or administrators for the colonial powers

\-European education created a small Western-educated class, whose members served the colonial state, European businesses, and Christian missions

Summarize the ways in which the lives of women in Africa changed with the arrival of colonial empires.

* Women sought closer relations with their birth families, introduced labor-saving crops, adopted new farm implements, and earned money as traders. In the cities they established a variety of self help associates.
* Colonial economies sometimes offered women opportunities, particularly in small-scale trade and marketing, which could give them considerable economic autonomy
* Colonial society often made women nearly independent heads of households; others took advantage of new opportunities in mission schools.

How did race and gender define colonial relations in the 19th century?

* the inferiority of women was linked to people or colors, merging gender ideology, and racial prejudice to justify colonial rule
* European women were viewed as bearers and emblems of civilization in need of protection against the alleged lust of native men
* Certain segments of colonial society were gendered as masculine of "mortal races" (Sikins and Gurkhas in India, Kamba in Kenya, Harsa in Nigeria)