PSY 200 (CH 5 – 7) Exam Two Review

Learning

The process of acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired, leading to an association between them.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process that is based on the consequences of behavior, where rewards and punishments shape actions.

John B. Watson

The founder of American behaviorism who recognized the real-life implications of classical conditioning.

B. F. Skinner

A psychologist associated with operant conditioning and radical behaviorism.

Memory

The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences or information.

Types of Long-term Memory

Including implicit memory (nondeclarative) and explicit memory (declarative).

Implicit Memory

Memory that does not require conscious recall, such as classical conditioning and procedural skills.

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory that helps us remember how to perform tasks, like riding a bike.

Priming

A method for measuring implicit memory through exposure to information that affects performance on subsequent tasks.

Explicit Memory

The type of memory that involves conscious recall of facts and events.

Semantic Memory

A type of explicit memory that includes general knowledge, facts, and concepts.

Episodic Memory

A type of explicit memory that pertains to personally experienced events.

George Miller's Magical Number

The estimated capacity of short-term memory being 7 plus or minus 2.

Recall

The ability to retrieve and reproduce previously encountered material from memory.

Recognition

The ability to identify previously encountered material.

Reasoning

The mental process of forming conclusions and judgments based on given information.

Informal Reasoning

Reasoning that relies on heuristics or mental shortcuts.

Formal Reasoning

Reasoning that follows a logical algorithm or systematic process.

Framing Effect

The phenomenon where the way information is presented affects decision making.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs.

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge that accumulates over time and relies on education and experience.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge.

Analysis in Intelligence

One of the elements of intelligence according to Sternberg's triarchic theory.

Creative Intelligence

Another element of intelligence focused on the ability to generate novel ideas.

Practical Intelligence

Practical skills and the ability to apply knowledge to real-world scenarios.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions and the emotions of others.

Theory of Mind

The understanding that others have thoughts and feelings different from one's own.

Anthropomorphism

Attributing human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities.

Anthropodenial

The inability to recognize similarities between ourselves and other animals.