PSY 200 (CH 5 – 7) Exam Two Review

Chapter 5 Learning Define learning. Classical Conditioning – learning is based on pairing and association Operant Conditioning – learning is based on consequences John B. Watson – founded American behaviorism and recognized the reallife implications of classical conditioning B. F. Skinner – is associated with operant conditioning and radical behaviorism

Chapter 6 Memory Define memory. Types of memory (sensory register, working memory/short term memory, and long-term memory) Types of long-term memory:  Implicit Memory (nondeclarative) 1. Classical conditioning 2. Procedural memory – how to do something for example how to ride a bike 3. Priming – a method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether it affects performance on another type of task.  Explicit Memory (declarative ) 1. Semantic memory (general knowledge, facts, rules, concepts, and propositions) 2. Episodic memory (personally experienced events) George Miller estimated that the capacity of short-term memory to be the magical number 7 plus or minus 2. Recall is the ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material. Recognition it the ability to identify previously encountered material

Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence Elements of Cognition  Concepts  Prototypes  Propositions  Schemas  Mental images Define reasoning. Informal reasoning – heuristic Formal reasoning – algorithm Barriers to reasoning rationally  Exaggerating the Improbable 1. Affect heuristic 2. Availability heuristic  Avoiding loss the framing effect – wording matters  Biases and Mental sets 1. Fairness bias – the Ultimatum game 2. Hindsight bias – hindsight is 20/20 3. Confirmation bias 4. Mental set Define intelligence.  Crystallized intelligence (built up over time and relies on education)  Fluid intelligence (is relatively independent of education/uses reason to solve problems) Elements of Intelligence  Metacognition  Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence 1. Analytic 2. Creative 3. Practical intelligence which includes tacit knowledge  Emotional Intelligence Animal Intelligence  Theory of mind  Anthropomorphism  Anthropodenial